@CT 2
@LM 4
@RM 53
@PL 60
@MT 3
@MB 2
@PN 1
@OP 
@ST slovnÉk,4,53,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,9,18,27,36,45,54,63,72,81,90,99,108,117,126,135,144,153,162,171,180,189,198,207,216,225,234,243,252,261,270,279,288,297,306,315
@LH 6
\
SlovnÉk anglicko-ĆeskŁ a anglicko-anglickŁ

English Dictionary http://secky.wz.cz

DoplnÅn× vydĮnÉ tohoto slovnÉku vychĮzÉ pŅibliŚnŨ
   jednou za mÅsÉc na http://www.secky.wz.cz

Tento slovnÉk mŹŚete libovolnÅ rozÓiŅovat, nikoli¨
   vÓak za ÕĆelem zisku.

\AAA
abbr. anti-aircraft artillery.
\abandon
v. give up.

n. a complete surrender to feeling or impulse.
\abase
v. humiliate;  degrade.
\abash
v. embarrass;  disconcert.
\abate
v. [%'beit] make or become less in amount, degree or¨
   intensity;  diminish.

abatement n.

< French abatre < Latin batt(u)o beat
\abbe
--> abb×
\abb×
n. a title used for a French priest.
\abbess
['&b%s] n. head of a community of nuns.
\abbot
['&bot] n. head of a community of monks.

< Old English < Latin abbas
\aberration
n. deviation from a normal type (in biology etc.).
\abet
[%'bet] v. (-tt-) (usu. in aid and abet) encourage or¨
   assist (an offender or offence).

< French ad- + bait
\abeyance
[%'bei%ns] n. (usu. prec. by in, into) temporary¨
   disuse.

< French ad-, beer gape
\abhor
[%b'ho:(r)] v. (-rr-) detest;  regard with disgust.

s. hrozit se, zhnusit si.

< Latin, cf. "horror"
\abhorrent
[%b'horent] adj. (often foll. by to) disgusting or¨
   hateful.
\abide
v. tolerate, endure.
\abject
['&bdŚekt] adj. miserable, wretched;  degraded;¨
   despicable.

abjection n.

< Latin jacio -ject- throw
\abjure
v. [%b'dŚ%:(r)] renounce on oath (an opinion, cause,¨
   etc.).

abjuration [&bdŚu'reiÓ(%)n] n.

< Latin juro swear
\ablution
n. a washing or cleansing of the body or a part of¨
   the body.
\abnegation
[&bni'geiÓ(%)n] n. denial;  renunciation of¨
   a doctrine.
\abode
n. dwelling-place.
\aborigine
[,&bo'ridŚini] n. aboriginal inhabitant.
\abortion
pj.
o  potrat.
o  zakrnÅnÉ.
o  neÕspÅch.
\abracadabra
n.
o  a magical charm believed to ward off disease or¨
   disaster.
o  Jargon;  gibberish.
\abridge
v. deprive;  cut off.
\abrogate
['&br%,geit] v. repeal, abolish (a law etc.).

abrogation n.

< Latin rogo propose a law
\abscess
['&bses] n. a collection of pus surrounded by an¨
   inflamed area.
\abscissa
n. (pl. -s or -e) the coordinate representing the¨
   distance of a point from the y-axis in a plane¨
   Cartesian coordinate system, measured along a line¨
   parallel to the x-axis.  Cf. ordinate.
\absolute
['&bs%,lu:t] adj.
\absolution
[,&bs%'lu:Ó(%)n] n. formal forgiveness of sins.
\absolve
[%b'zolv] v. (often followed by from, of) to set or¨
   pronounce free from blame or obligation etc.

< Latin, cf. solve
\abstemious
[%b'sti:mi%s] adj. moderate or ascetic, esp. in¨
   eating and drinking.

< Latin ab- + temetum strong drink
\abstruse
[%b'stru:s] adj. hard to understand, profound.

< Latin abstrudo -trus- conceal
\absurd
[%b's%:d] adj. wildly illogical or inappropriate;¨
   ridiculous.
\abundant
adj. plentiful, ample.
\abut
v. border on.
\abysmal
adj. extremely bad.
\accede
[%k'si:d] v. (foll. by to)
o  take office, esp. as monarch.
o  assent or agree.

< Latin, cf. "cede"
\acclaim
[%'kleim] v.
o  welcome or applaud enthusiastically.
o  hail as (acclaimed him king).

n. applause, welcome, public praise.

< Latin acclamo, cf. "claim"
\acclimatise
[%'klaim%,taiz] v. (also acclimate) to adapt or¨
   become accustomed to a new climate or environment.
\accolade
n. praise given.
\accompaniment
[%'kamp%niment] n.
o  instrumental or orchestral support for a solo¨
   instrument, voice, or group.
o  accompanying thing.
\accomplish
[%'kampliÓ] v. succeed in doing;  achieve, complete.
\accoutre
[%'ku:t%r] v. (esp. US accouter) furnish with clothes¨
   or equipment.
\accretion
n.
o  growth or increase in size by gradual external¨
   addition.
o  the result of accretion.

accretionary adj.  accretive adj.

< Latin cresco cret- grow
\accursed
adj. detestable;  annoying.
\acerbic
[%'s%:bik] adj. harsh and sharp, esp. in speech or¨
   manner.

< Latin acerbus sour
\achievement
pj.
o  vŁkon, Ćin.
o  vŁdobytek, ÕspÅch, vymoŚenost.
\acorn
['eiko:n] n. fruit of the oak, with a smooth nut in¨
   a cuplike base.

< Old English
\acquiesce
[&kwi'es] v.
o  agree, esp. by default.
o  (foll. by in) accept (an arrangement etc.).

acquiescence n.  acquiescent adj.

< Latin ad- + quiet
\acquit
[%'kwit] v. zprostit viny.
\acre
n.
o  4047 square meters.
o  pl. lands, estate.
\acrimonious
[&kri'mouni%s] adj. bitter in manner or temper.

acrimony n.
\acrobatics
n. pl.
o  acrobatic feats.
o  (as sing.) the art of performing these.
\acronym
n. a word formed from the initial letters of other¨
   words (e.g. laser, Nato).

< Greek akron end, onoma name
\actuate
v.
o  to put into action.
o  to move to action.

actuation n.  actuator n.
\acuity
n. keenness of vision or mind.
\acumen
['&kjum%n] n. a keen insight or discernment.

< Latin, = an acute thing
\acute
adj. serious, severe.

< Latin acutus pointed
\ad
abbr.
o  regarding the point, e.g. ad 2 (regarding the¨
   second point in question).
o  colloq. advertisement.
\adage
['&didŚ] n. traditional maxim, proverb.

< French < Latin
\Adam
[&d%m] n. the first man.

not know a person from Adam be unable to recognize¨
   a person.

< Hebrew, = man
\adamant
['&d%mant] adj. stubbornly resolute;  unyielding.

adamantly adv.

< Greek adamas adamant- untameable
\adder
n. small venomous snake, esp. the common viper.

< Old English, originally nadder
\addressee
[,&dr%'si:] n. person to whom a letter etc. is¨
   addressed.

pj. pŅÉjemce, adresĮt.
\adduce
[%'dju:s] v. cite as an instance or as proof or¨
   evidence.

adducible adj.

< Latin ad- + duco lead
\ad hoc
[&d 'hok] adv. and adj. for one particular occasion¨
   or use.

< Latin
\adjudicate
v. act as judge.
\adjure
v.
o  to command or enjoin solemnly, as under oath.
o  to appeal to earnestly.

adjuration n.
\ad lib
[&d 'lib] v. (-bb-) improvise.

adj. improvised.

adv. as one pleases, to any desired extent.

< abbr. of Latin ad libitum according to pleasure
\ado
[%'du:] n. fuss, busy activity;  trouble.

< from at + do: originally in much ado = much to do
\adroit
[%'droit] adj. dexterous, skilful.

< French a droit according to right
\adulation
[,&dju'leiÓ(%)n] n. obsequious flattery.

< Latin adulor fawn on
\adumbrate
['&dambreit] v.
o  indicate faintly or in outline.
o  foreshadow.
o  overshadow.

s. nastÉnit.

adumbration [-'breiÓ(%)n] n.

< Latin ad- + umbra shade
\adventitious
adj.
o  accidental, casual.
o  added from outside.
o  Biol. formed accidentally or under unusual¨
   conditions.

< Latin, cf. Advent
\adversary
['&d-] n. enemy, opponent.
\adverse
['&dv%s] or [&d'v%s] adj.
\advert
[%d'v%:t] v.
o  remark or comment.
o  turn the attention to.
\advertent
adj. attentive;  heedful.
\advertise
['&dv%r,taiz] v. make generally known, esp. offers¨
   for the sales of goods.
\advisor
pj. (na universitÅ nebo Vó) Ókolitel.
\advocacy
['&dvokasi] n. support for a cause.
\aegis
['i:dŚis] n. protection; support.

< Greek aigis shield of Zeus or Athene
\aeon
['i:on] n. (also eon)
o  long or indefinite period.
o  an age.

< Latin < Greek
\aesthete
n. Man who has or professes a special appreciation of¨
   beauty.
\aesthetics
pj. krasovÅda.
\aetiology
n. study of causation of disease.
\affable
['&f%b(%)l] adj.
o  friendly.
o  courteous.

affability [-'biliti] n.  affably adv.

< Latin affabilis
\affidavit
[,&fi'deivit] n. written statement confirmed by oath.

< Latin, = has stated on oath
\affinity
[%'finiti] n. relation.

< Latin finis border
\afflatus
[%'fleitus] n. inspiration, esp. as a result of¨
   divine communication.
\affluent
adj. wealthy, rich.
\affront
[%'frant] n. open insult.
\a fortiori
adv. Latin for a still a stronger reason;  even more¨
   certain;  all the more.
\aft
adj. Naut. and aeronaut. near a ship's stern or tail.
\afterlife
n. life after death.
\afternoon
[-'nu:n] n. time from noon or lunch-time to evening.
\afterpiece
['a:-] n. a short comic piece performed after¨
   a featured play.

< 1770-80
\aftertaste
n.
o  a taste that lingers on after eating or drinking.
o  a lingering impression or sensation.
\afterthought
n. a thing thought of or added later.
\afterworld
['a:-] n. the future world, esp. the world after¨
   death.

p.j. zĮsvÅtÉ.

< 1590-1600
\agaric
n. fungus with a cap and a stalk, e.g. the common¨
   mushroom.
\agent
n. cf. "behaver"
\Age of Reason
n. the 17th and 18th centuries in France, England,¨
   etc.;  Enlightenment.
\aggrandise
[&'gr%ndaiz] v.
o  increase the power, rank or wealth of.
o  make seem greater.

aggrandisement [-dizm%nt] n.

< French, cf. "grand"
\aggression
[%'greÓ(%)n] n.
o  unprovoked attacking or attack.
o  hostile or destructive behaviour.

< Latin gradior gress- walk
\aggrieved
[%'gri:vd] adj. having a grievance.

< French, cf. grief
\Agnes
Śj. AneŚka.
\agnosticism
n. the doctrine that the existence of God is¨
   unknowable.
\agog
[%'gog] predic. adj. eager, expectant.

< French gogue fun
\agonise
sp.
\agree
[%'gri:] v.
o  hold the same opinion (I agree with you).
o  consent (agreed to go).
o  (often foll. by with)
a  become or be in harmony.
b  suit (fish didn't agree with him).
c  Gram. have the same number, gender, case, or¨
   person as.
o  reach agreement about (agreed on a price).
o  (foll. by on) decide mutually on (agree on¨
   a compromise).

be agreed be of one opinion.

< Latin ad- + gratus pleasing
\ague
['eigju:] n.
o  hist. malarial fever.
o  shivering fit.

< Latin, cf. "acute"
\ain't
nonstandard contraction of am not, is not, are not,¨
   have not, or has not (he ain't looking).

Usage:  Although the interrogative form ain't I?¨
   would be a natural contraction of am not I?, it is¨
   generally avoided in spoken English and never used¨
   in formal English.
\airplane
n. US = aeroplane.
\air ticket
pj. letenka.
\ajar
adj. (of a door) slightly open.
\aka
abbr. (also a.k.a. or AKA) also known as.
\akin
[%'kin] predic. adj.
o  related by blood.
o  similar.
\alack
[%'l&k] interj. archaic (used as an exclamation of¨
   sorrow, regret, or dismay).
\alacrity
n. cheerful eagerness;  sprightliness.

alacritous adj.
\albeit
[o:l'bi:it] conj. literary though.

< all be it
\alchemy
['&lkimi] n. medieval chemistry, esp. seeking to turn¨
   base metals into gold.
\alcove
n. recess, esp. in the wall of a room.
\alder
pj. olÓe.
\alderman
['o:ld%m&n] n. esp. hist. co-opted member of an¨
   English county or borough council, next in dignity¨
   to the mayor.

< Old English aldor chief, man
\aleatory
['eili%tori] adj. depending on chance.

< Latin alea die
\alexandrine
n. a line of verse having six iambic feet.
\algebra
['&ldŚibr%] n. a branch of mathematics that uses¨
   letters etc. to represent numbers and quantities.

algebraic [&ldŚi'breiik] adj.

< ultimately from Arabic al-jabr, = reunion of broken¨
   parts
\Algiers
[&l'dŚi:rz] n.
o  the capital of Algeria, in the N part, pop.¨
   1,839,000.
o  one of the former Barbary States in N Africa:  now¨
   Algeria.

pj. AlŚÉr (zemÅ a mÅsto).
\algorithm
n. a process or set of rules used for calculation¨
   etc.
\alias
n. an assumed name.
\alibi
['&li,bai] n.
\alight
v. descend from a vehicle.
\alimony
['&lim%ni] n. money payable to a spouse or former¨
   spouse after separation or divorce.

Usage:  In UK usage this term has been replaced by¨
   maintenance.
\allay
[%'lei] v.
o  diminish (fear, suspicion etc.).
o  alleviate (pain etc.).

< Old English a- intensive prefix + lay
\allegedly
[%'ledŚidli] adv. as is alleged.
\allegiance
[%'li:dŚens] n.
o  loyalty owed by a citizen to his government.
o  loyalty to a person or cause.
\allegory
n. a story whose moral is represented symbolically.
\alleviate
[%'li:vi,eit] v. make (pain etc.) less severe.

alleviation [-'eiÓ(%)n] n.

< Latin levo raise
\Allies
n.
o  (in WW I) the nations that fought against the¨
   Central Powers:  Great Britain, France, Russia,¨
   and the nations later allied with them, as Japan,¨
   Italy, and, loosely, the US.
o  (in WW II) the nations that fought against the¨
   Axis:  Great Britain, the US, the Soviet Union,¨
   and others.
\allocation unit
pj. vŁpoĆetnÉ vÅda ÕdajovŁ blok;  datovŁ blok;¨
   cluster; alokaĆnÉ jednotka.
\allot
[%'lot] v. (-tt-)
\all-powerful
adj. omnipotent.
\almoner
n. a social worker attached to a hospital.
\alms
[a:mz] n.

< Greek eleemosune pity
\almshouse
n. hist. charitable institution for the poor.
\aloof
adj. distant;  reserved.
\alphanumeric
pŅj. alfanumerickŁ.
\altar
[o:lt%(r)] n.
o  table or flat block for sacrifice or offering to¨
   a deity.
o  Communion table.

< Latin altus high
\altercate
v. dispute, wrangle.
\alternate
[o:l't%:nit] adj.
o  (with nouns in pl.) every other (on alternate¨
   days).
o  (of things of two kinds) alternating (alternate¨
   joy and misery).
\alveolar ridge
[&l'viol(%)r 'ridŚ] n. the ridgelike border of the¨
   upper and lower jaws containing the sockets of the¨
   teeth.
\amain
adv. archaic
o  with full force.
o  at full speed.
o  suddenly;  hastily.
o  exceedingly;  greatly.

< 1530-40
\amalgam
n. mixture or blend.
\amanuensis
n. literary assistant, esp. one writing from¨
   dictation.
\amateur
['&m%t%(r)] n. person who engages in a pursuit as¨
   a pastime rather than a profession, or performs¨
   with limited skill.

amateurish adj.  amateurism n.

< Latin amator lover, cf. "amatory"
\amatory
adj. of sexual love.
\amber
pj. jantar.
\ambience
['&mbi%ns] n. surroundings or atmosphere.

< Latin ambio go round
\ambient
adj. surrounding.
\ambiguous
[&m'bigju%s] adj.
o  having a double meaning.
o  having more than one possible interpretation or¨
   meaning.
o  difficult to understand or classify;  obscure.

pŅj. dvojznaĆnŁ;  dvojsmyslnŁ.

ambiguously adv.
ambiguousness n.
ambiguity [-'gju:iti] n.

< Latin ambiguus going here and there, uncertain, <¨
   ambigere to go around < ambi- both ways, ago drive
\ambivalence
[&m'bival%ns] n. coexistence of opposing feelings.

ambivalent adj.

< Latin ambo both, equivalence
\amble
['&mb%l] v. move at an easy pace.

< Latin ambulo walk
\ambrosia
n. (in classical mythology) the food of the gods.
\ambush
n. surprise attack by persons hiding.
\amenable
[%'mi:neb(%)l] adj.
o  responsive.
o  (foll. by to) answerable to law.
\amendment
n. minor alteration or addition in a document,¨
   resolution, etc.
\amenity
[%'mi:niti] n.
o  a pleasant or useful feature or facility.
o  pleasantness (of a place etc.).

< Latin amoenus pleasant
\amiable
adj. (esp. of a person) friendly and pleasant,¨
   likeable.

< Latin, cf. "amicable"
\amiss
[%'mis] predic. adj. wrong, out of order.

< Old Norse
\amnesia
n. loss of memory.
\amok
[%'mok] adv.

run amok (or amuck) run wild.

< Malay
\amorous
adj. of sexual love.
\amour propre
n. self-respect.

< French
\amphibology
--> amphiboly
\amphiboly
n. (also amphibology)
o  ambiguity in language.
o  a phrase or sentence susceptible of more than one¨
   interpretation by virtue of an ambiguous¨
   grammatical construction, contrasted with¨
   equivocation.

< Late Latin amphibolia
\amphitheatre
n. esp. circular unroofed building with tiers of¨
   seats surrounding a central space.
\amphora
['&mf%r%] n. (pl. amphorae [-ri:]) narrow-necked¨
   Greek or Roman vessel with two handles.

< Greek amphoreus
\Anabaptist
n. member of a religious group believing in baptism¨
   only of adults.
\anabolic steroid
[,&n%'bolik] n. a synthetic steroid hormone used to¨
   increase muscle size.
\anaemic
[%'ni:mik] adj. (US anemic)
o  of or suffering from anaemia.
o  listless, weak.
o  pale, lifeless, colourless.
\anal
adj.
o  of, relating to, or situated near the anus (anal¨
   fin).
o  of, relating to, characterized by, or being at the¨
   stage of psychosexual development in¨
   psychoanalytic theory during which the child is¨
   concerned esp. with its feces.
o  of, relating to, characterized by, or having¨
   personality traits (as parsimony, meticulousness,¨
   and ill humor) considered typical of fixation at¨
   the anal stage of development (anal disposition,¨
   anal neatness).

anally adv.
\analyse
['&n%,laiz] v. (esp. US analyze) examine in detail.
\analytical
adj. (also analytic)
\anaphora
[%'n&f%r%] n.
o  the use of a word as a regular grammatical¨
   substitute for a preceding word or a group of¨
   words, as the use of it and do in I know it and¨
   they do, too.
o  repetition of a word or words at the beginning of¨
   two or more successive phrases, verses, clauses,¨
   or sentences, as in Shakespeare's "This blessed¨
   plot, this earth, this realm, this England."

anaphoral adj.

< Late Latin < Greek:  an act of carrying back
\anaphoric
adj. referring back to or substituting for¨
   a preceding word or a group of words.
\anarchist
n.

anarchistic adj.
\anarchy
n.

anarchic adj.
\anathema
[%'n&0im%] n.
o  detested thing (is anathema to me).
o  ecclesiastical curse.

< Greek, = thing devoted (i.e. to evil)
\ancestor
n.
\anchoress
n. woman anchorite.
\ancien r×gime
[&'sje re'Śi:m] n. (pl. anciens r×gimes pronunc.¨
   same)
o  political and social system of pre-Revolutionary¨
   (before 1789) France.
o  any superseded regime.

< French, = old rule
\ancillary
[&n'sil%ri] adj.
o  (esp. of health workers) providing essential¨
   support.
o  (often foll. by to) subordinate, subservient.

n.
o  ancillary worker.
o  auxiliary or accessory.

< Latin ancilla handmaid
\Andrew
['&ndru:] mj. OndŅej.
\angelic
[&n'dŚelik] adj. of or like an angel.
\angle
v.
o  fish with hook and line.
o  seek an objective indirectly.
\angst
n. anxiety;  neurotic fear.
\anguish
n. an agonising physical or mental pain.

anguished adj.
\animosity
n. spirit or feeling of hostility.
\animus
['&nim%s] n.
o  intense dislike;  hatred;  animosity.
o  motive, intention, or purpose.
o  (in Jungian psychology) the masculine principle¨
   present in the female unconscious, cf. anima.

< Latin mind, spirit
\annuity
[%'nju:iti] n. (pl. -ties)
o  a fixed sum payable at specified intervals, esp.¨
   annually, over a period, such as the recipient's¨
   life, or in perpetuity, in return for a premium¨
   paid either in instalments or in a single payment.
o  the right to receive or the duty to pay such¨
   a sum.

< French annuit× < Medieval Latin annuitĮs < Latin¨
   annuus annual
\anoint
v. apply ointment.
\anomie
n. the breakdown or absence of norms at the¨
   individual or social levels.
\anorexia
[&no'reksi%] n. lack of appetite, esp. (in full¨
   anorexia nervosa [n%r'vou%s%]) an obsessive desire¨
   to lose weight by refusing to eat.

anorexic adj. and n.

< Greek an- without, orexis appetite
\ANSI
n. American National Standards Institute.
\antelope
n. any of various slender, swift-running,¨
   long-horned, hoofed mammals.
\anterior
adj.
o  nearer the front.
o  prior.

< Latin ante before
\ante-room
n. small room leading to a main one.
\anther
n. the pollen-bearing organ at the end of a stamen.
\anthrax
['&n0r&ks] (pl. anthraces)
o  a highly infectious disease of animals, esp.¨
   cattle and sheep, characterized by fever, enlarged¨
   spleen and swelling of the throat.  It is caused¨
   by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and can be¨
   transmitted to man.
o  a pustule or other lesion caused by this disease.

< Late Latin < Greek, cf. carbuncle
\anthropogenic
adj. caused or produced by humans.

< 1885-90
\Antichrist
n.

< Late Latin < Late Greek
\antic
n. (usu. in pl.) foolish behaviour or action.
\anticipate
v.
o  foresee.
o  look forward to.
\antidote
n. medicine etc. used to counteract poison.
\antinomy
[&n'tinomi] n. contradiction between two reasonable¨
   beliefs or conclusions.
\antipathy
n. a feeling of aversion.
\antipode
['&ntipo%d] n.
o  a direct or exact opposite.
o  Australia (from the European viewpoint).
o  literary Ireland (from the English viewpoint).
\antiquarian
[&nti'kwe%ri%n] adj. of or dealing in antiques or¨
   rare books.

n. antiquary.

antiquarianism n.
\antithesis
n. direct contrast;  opposition.
\antonomasia
n. forming a word on the basis of a place-name¨
   (Pilsner, Budweisser, Wiener, jeans) or a personal¨
   name (Casanova).
\anxious
adj. eager, uneasily wanting.
\anymore
adv.

< 1350-1400
\AOC
abbr. area of competence (esp. in teaching).
\AOS
abbr. area of specialisation (in teaching, research,¨
   etc.).
\AP
Associated Press.
\apartheid
n. an official policy of racial segregation¨
   promulgated in the Republic of South Africa.
\apartment
[%'pa:tm%nt] n.
o  (in pl.) suite of rooms.
o  single room.
o  US flat.

< Italian a parte apart
\apathy
['&p%0i] n. lack of interest;  indifference.

apathetic [-'0etik] adj.

< Greek a- without, cf. "pathos"
\aperitif
n. alcoholic drink taken before a meal.
\aperture
n. opening or gap, esp. a variable opening in¨
   a camera for admitting light.

< Latin aperio open
\aphasia
[%'feizi%] n. loss of verbal understanding or¨
   expression, owing to brain damage.
\apiary
n. place where bees are kept.

< Latin apis bee
\aplomb
n. self-confidence;  poise.
\apocrypha
--> Apocrypha
\Apocrypha
n. a Biblical story that is not considered genuine.

apocryphal adj. of or resembling the Apocrypha.
\apodeictic
[%po'daiktik] (also apodictic [%po'diktik]) adj.
o  demonstrably or necessarily true;  absolutely¨
   certain.
o  capable of clear and certain demonstration.

apodeictically adv.

< Latin apodicticus
\apodictic
--> apodeictic
\apodosis
logic then-clause.
\Apollonian
adj. apollinskŁ.
\apologise
v. (also -ize) make an apology.
\apologue
n. fable.
\apoplexy
n. sudden loss of muscular control, sensation, and¨
   consciousness, resulting from rupture or blocking¨
   of a blood vessel in the brain.

apoplectic adj.  apoplectically adv.
\apostasy
n. the abandonment of one's religious faith,¨
   political party, or cause.

apostate n. and adj.
apostatise v.
\apostate
[%'posteit] n. person who renounces a former belief¨
   etc.  Cf. "apostasy".

apostatise v.
\apostle
[%'pos(%)l] n.
o  (Apostle) any of the twelve men sent out by Christ¨
   to preach the gospel.
o  leader, esp. of a new movement.

< Greek apostolos messenger
\appal
[%'po:l] v. (-ll-)
o  greatly dismay or horrify.
o  (as appalling adj.) colloq. very bad, shocking.
¨
< French apalir grow pale, cf. "pale"
\apparatus
[&p%'reit%s] n. equipment for a particular function,¨
   esp. scientific or technical.
\appellant
[%'pelant] n. person who appeals to a higher court.
¨
< Latin appello address
\appellation
[&p%'leiÓ(%)n] n. formal name or title; nomenclature.
\appendicitis
[%pendi'saitis] n. inflammation of the appendix.
\apperceive
v. to comprehend (a new idea) by linkage with¨
   previous experience.
\appertain
v. relate, belong, or be appropriate.
\appetence
n. (also appetency) appetite.
\apposite
['&p%zit] adj. (often foll. by to) apt, appropriate;¨
   well expressed.

< Latin appono apply
\apprehension
n.
o  worry, fear.
o  uneasiness, dread.
o  understanding.
o  arrest, capture.
\apprehensive
adj. uneasily fearful.

apprehensively adv.
\approbation
n. approval, consent.

< Latin probo test
\appurtenance
n. (usu. in pl.) belonging;  accessory.

< Latin pertineo belong to
\apropos
adv. by the way.

adj. appropriate;  pertinent.

< French a propos
\aquiline
['&kwilain] adj.
o  of or like an eagle.
o  (of a nose) curved.

< Latin aquila eagle
\Arabic
['&r%bik] adj. Semitic language of the Arabs.
\arber
n. paunch, first stomach of ruminants.
\arbour
['a:b%(r)] n. (US arbor) shady garden alcove enclosed¨
   by trees etc.

< Latin herba herb:  assimilated to Latin arbor tree
\arcade
n.
o  a series of arches supported by columns.
o  a covered walk, esp. lined with shops.
\Arcadia
n. pastoral place.
\arcane
adj. mysterious, secret.
\arch
arch1 n.
o  a structural device, esp. of masonry, forming the¨
   curved, pointed, or flat upper edge of an opening¨
   or a support, as in a bridge or doorway.
o  a structure similar to an arch, as a monument.
o  something curved like an arch.

v.
o  to supply with an arch.
o  to form or cause to form an arch.

arch2 adj.
o  chief;  principal.
o  mischievous (an arch glance).

archly adv.  archness n.
\arch-
[a:Ć] form. chief (archbishop, archdiocese).
\archaeology
n. (US archeology) study of ancient cultures, esp. by¨
   the excavation and analysis of physical remains.

archaeological adj.  archaeologist n.

< Greek arkhaiologia ancient history
\archeology
n. US var. of archaeology.
\archetype
pj. pravzor.
\archipelago
n.
o  a group of islands.
o  a sea with many islands.

pj. souostrovÉ.

< Greek
\architectonic
[,a:kitek'tonik] adj.
o  of architecture.
o  of the systematisation of knowledge.
\archive
['a:r,kaiv] n.
o  a place in which public records or historical¨
   documents are preserved.
o  (often in pl.) the material preserved.

pj.
o  spisovna, archÉv, knihovna.
o  poĆÉtaĆe (souborovĮ) knihovna, archÉv.

< French < Latin archivum < Greek archeion government¨
   house (in pl., official documents) < arche rule,¨
   government, cf. arch- (1603)
\archon
n. a higher magistrate in ancient Athens.
\ardent
adj.
o  eager, fervent, passionate.
o  burning.

ardently adv.

< Latin ardeo burn
\ardour
['a:d%(r)] n. (US ardor) zeal, enthusiasm, passion.
\arduous
['a:dju:%s] adj. hard to accomplish;  laborious,¨
   strenuous.

< Latin, = steep
\area
n. extent or measure of a surface.

< Latin, = vacant space
\argument
n. exchange of views.
\aria
['a:ri%] n. a long accompanied solo song in an opera¨
   etc.

< Italian
\arise
[%'raiz] v. (arise-arose-arisen)
o  originate.
o  (usu. foll. by from, out of) result.
o  come to one's notice;  emerge.
o  rise, esp. from the dead or from kneeling.

< Old English a- intensive prefix
\aristocracy
n. rule by the best.
\aristocrat
n. member of the aristocracy.
\arithmetic
pj. poĆty, aritmetika.

[%'ri0metik] n. the science of numbers;  computation.

[,&ri0'metik] adj. (also arithmetical).

< Greek arithmos number
\armature
n.
o  rotating coil or coils of a dynamo or electric¨
   motor.
o  iron bar placed across the poles of a horseshoe¨
   magnet to preserve its power.
o  metal framework on which a sculpture is moulded.¨

< Latin armatura, = armour
\aroma
n. esp. pleasing smell, often of food.
\arraign
v. to indict, accuse.
\arrant
['&r%nt] adj. literary downright, utter (arrant¨
   liar).

< var. of errant, originally in arrant (= outlawed,¨
   roving) thief etc.
\arrears
n. pl. amount (esp. of work, rent, etc.) still¨
   outstanding or uncompleted.

in arrears behind, esp. in payment.

< medieval Latin adretro behindhand
\arriere-pens×e
[&rj%rpa'sei] n.
o  secret motive.
o  mental reservation.

< French
\arrogant
adj. agressively assertive or presumptuous.
\arrogate
['&r%geit] v.
o  (often foll. by to oneself) claim (power etc.)¨
   without right.
o  (often foll. by to) attribute unjustly (to¨
   a person).

arrogation n.

< Latin rogo ask
\arse
n. coarse slang buttocks.
\articulatory
adj. having to do with articulation (articulatory¨
   phonetics).
\artifact
n. a product of man's labour.

artifactual adj.
\artifice
['a:tifis] n.
o  trick or clever device.
o  cunning.
o  skill, ingenuity.

< Latin ars art- art, facio make
\artificer
[&:'tifis%(r)] n.
o  craftsman.
o  skilled military mechanic.
\ascent
[%'sent] n.
o  ascending, rising or progressing.
o  upward slope or path etc.
\ascetic
[%'setik] adj. and n. severely abstinent.
\asepsis
[ei'sepsis] n.
o  absence of sepsis or harmful micro-organisms.
o  method of achieving asepsis in surgery.

aseptic adj.
\asinine
adj. stupid;  silly.
\askew
adv. awry, crookedly.
\aspen
pj. osika.
\asperity
[&'speriti] n.
o  sharpness of temper or tone.
o  roughness;  rough excrescence.

< Latin asper rough
\asperse
[%'sp%(r):s] v. attack with false and damaging¨
   charges.
\aspersion
n. a slanderous remark.
\asphodel
['&sf%,del] n.
o  plant of the lily family.
o  poet. immortal flower growing in Elysium.

< Latin < Greek
\ass
n. four-legged long-eared mammal related to the¨
   horse.

ass-kissing adj. toadying, bootlicking.
\ass-kissing
adj. toadying, bootlicking.
\assay
[%'sei] n. testing of a metal or ore to determine its¨
   ingredients and quality.

v. make an assay of (a metal or ore).

< French, var. of essai, cf. "essay"
\assertive
adj.
o  confidently aggressive or self-assured;  forceful.
o  tending to assert oneself;  forthright, positive.
\assess
v. estimate the size or quality of.
\asset-stripping
n. hosp. tunelovĮnÉ.
\asseverate
v. declare solemnly.
\assiduous
adj.
o  persevering, hard-working.
o  attending closely.

assiduity n.  assiduously adv.

< Latin, cf. "assess"
\assimilate
v.
o  absorb or be absorbed, either physically or¨
   mentally.
o  (usu. foll. by to, with) make like;  cause to¨
   resemble.

< Latin similis like
\assizes
[%'saiziz]
n. pl. hist. a court periodically administering the¨
   civil and criminal law.

Usage:  In 1972 the civil jurisdiction of assizes in¨
   England and Wales was transferred to the High¨
   Court and the criminal jurisdiction to the Crown¨
   Court.

< French, cf. "assess"
\assuage
[%'sweidŚ] v.
o  calm or soothe.
o  appease (an appetite).

assuagement n.

< Latin suavis sweet
\assume
sp. pŅedpoklĮdat.
\astound
v. astonish greatly.
\asunder
[%'sand%(r)] adv. literary apart.
\asymmetry
n.
o  lack of symmetry.

asymmetric adj.  asymmetrical adj.

< Greek
\atavism
n. a reappearance of a remote ancestral¨
   characteristic;  throwback.

< Latin atavus ancestor
\atheism
n. belief that there is no God.

atheistic adj.
\athwart
adv. from side to side;  crosswise.

prep.
o  from one side to the other of;  across.
o  contrary to.
\atone
[%'toun] v. (usu. foll. by for) make amends (for¨
   a wrong).

< atonement
\atonement
n.
o  atoning.
o  (the Atonement) expiation by Christ of mankind's¨
   sins.

pj. odĆinÅnÉ.

< at one + -ment
\atrabilious
adj. morose;  irritable.
\atrocious
adj. wicked.

< Latin
\atrophy
['&trofi] n. wasting away, esp. through disuse (of¨
   tissues, organs, or the entire body);  emaciation.

v. suffer atrophy or cause atrophy in.

< Greek a- without, troph× food}
\attenuate
v.
o  make thin.
o  reduce in force, value etc.

attenuation n.

< Latin tenuis thin
\attic
[&tik] n.
o  a space or room within the roof of a house.
o  architecture a storey or low wall above the¨
   cornice of a classical facade.

< special use of attic, from the use of Attic-style¨
   pilasters to adorn the facade of the top storey
\attire
[%'tai%(r)] n.
\attribute
pj. poĆÉtaĆe pŅÉznak (souboru Ći sloŚky).
\attrition
[%'triÓ(%)n] n.
o  gradual wearing down (war of attrition).
o  abrasion;  wearing away or rubbing down by¨
   friction.
o  gradual, natural reduction in membership or¨
   personnel, as through retirement, resignation, or¨
   death.

< Latin tero trit- rub
\aubade
[o:'ba:d] n. music suitable to greeting the morning.
\aubergine
n. plant with white or purple egg-shaped fruit used¨
   as a vegetable;  eggplant.
\auburn
['o:b%:n] pŅj. svÅtle hnÅdŁ, svÅtle kaÓtanovŁ (hair¨
   vlasy).
\audiotape
pj. ozvuĆenŁ pĮsek.
\aught
[o:t] n. archaic anything.

< Old English
\augment
[o:g'ment] v.
o  make or become greater in number, amount,¨
   strength, etc.;  increase.
o  music to increase (a major or perfect interval) by¨
   a semitone;  cf. diminish (in music).

augmentation n.

< Latin, cf. "auction"
\augury
n.
o  the practice of divination
o  an omen.
\august
adj. inspiring awe or reverence;  majestic.

augustly adv.
\au pair
[%u 'pe%(r)] n. young foreigner, esp. a woman,¨
   helping with housework etc. in exchange for board¨
   and lodging.

< French
\aura
n.
o  distinctive atmosphere.
o  subtle emanation.
\aureate
['o:ri%t] adj. literary
o  golden.
o  resplendent.

< Latin aurum gold
\aureole
n. halo or circle of light.
\Aurora
[o:'ro:r%] n. the Roman goddess of the dawn.
\auspice
n. patronage.
\auspicious
adj. favourable;  propitious.
\austere
adj. severely simple.
\Austerlitz
[austerlits] Slavkov;  Russian and Austrian armies¨
   were defeated there by Napoleon I in 1805.
\author
pj.
o  spisovatel.
o  tvŹrce, pŹvodce;  autor.

< 1250-1300;  Latin auctor writer, progenitor
\autism
n.
o  condition characterised by self-absorption and¨
   social withdrawal.
o  abnormal subjectivity;  acceptance of fantasy¨
   rather than reality.
o  a form of childhood schizophrenia characterised by¨
   acting out and withdrawal;  infantile autism.
\autoclave
pj. papiĪĮk (na vaŅenÉ).
\autocrat
n. absolute ruler.
\autodafe
n. (also auto-da-fe) the burning to death of¨
   heretics, as during the Spanish Inquisition.
\autodidact
n. self-taught man.
\autonomous
< Greek autĻnomos with laws of one's own, independent¨
   = auto + nĻmos law, custom
\avalanche
n. rapidly sliding mass of snow and ice on¨
   a mountain.
\avant-garde
n. a group of people attempting to spread a new¨
   movement in the arts etc.
\avarice
n. extreme greed for wealth.
\avaunt
[%'vo:nt] adv. archaic away;  hence (used¨
   interjectionally).

< 1275-1325;  Middle English < Middle French avant to¨
   the front < Late Latin ab ante before (Latin: from¨
   before).  Cf. ab- + ante-
\aversion
n.
o  intense dislike or unwillingness.
o  feeling of extreme repugance.
\aviator
n. a man who flies an aircraft.
\avid
adj. eager.
\Avignon
[avi'Ījon] the seat of the French papacy.
\avocation
n.
o  something a person does in addition to a principal¨
   occupation, esp. for pleasure;  hobby.
o  a person's regular occupation or calling;¨
   vocation.
o  archaic diversion or distraction.

avocational adj.  avocationally adv.

1520-30 < Latin ĮvocĮtiĻ distraction = ĮvocĮ(re) to¨
   call away, distract (Į- a- + vocĮre to call) +¨
   -tiĻ -tion
\avowal
pj. prohlĮÓenÉ, doznĮnÉ.
\await
v. wait for.
\awning
pj. plachta (pouŚÉvanĮ jako stŅecha nebo sluneĆnÉk).
\awry
[%'rai] adv.
o  askew.
o  wrong;  amiss.

predic. adj. crooked, unsound.
\Axis
n. (in WW II) the nations that fought against the¨
   Allies:  Germany, Italy, Japan and others.
\aye
archaic yes.
\azalea
[%'zeili%] n. a kind of rhododendron.

< Greek azaleos dry
\babble
n. talk, chatter.
\babe
[beib] n.
o  a baby.
o  slang, chiefly U.S. a girl or young woman.
\Babel
['beib%l] n.
o  Gen. 11:4-9.
o  a scene of noise and confusion.
\bachelor
pj.
o  starŁ mlĮdenec.
o  bakalĮŅ (Bachelor of Arts bakalĮŅ svobodnŁch¨
   umÅnÉ).

bachelorhood n.
\backbite
v. to say mean or spiteful things about someone who¨
   is absent.
\back door
n. secret or ingenious means.
\backdrop
n. a painted curtain hung at the back of a stage.
\backfire
v.
o  (of an engine or vehicle) ignite or explode too¨
   early in the cylinder or exhaust.
o  (of a plan etc.) rebound adversely on its¨
   originator.
\back formation
n. the unwitting invention of a new word on the¨
   assumption that a familiar word is derived from¨
   it, for example, the adjective butch was so¨
   created from butcher.
o  a word formed by this process.
\backgammon
n. board-game with pieces moved according to the¨
   throws of the dice.
\backlog
n. arrears of work.
\backpack
pj. batoh.
\backslide
v. (backslide-backslid-backslid(den)) return to bad¨
   habits etc.
\backtrack
['b&k,tr&k] vi.
o  to return by the same route by which one has come.
o  to retract or reverse one's opinion, action,¨
   policy, etc.

backtracking n.
\backup
n. (often attrib.)
o  support;  reserve (back-up team).
o  Computing making of spare copies of data for¨
   safety.
o  copy so made.
\backwash
n.
o  receding waves made by a ship etc.
o  repercussions.
\backwater
n.
o  a peaceful, secluded, or dull place.
o  stagnant water fed from a stream.
\badger
n. nocturnal burrowing mammal with a black and white¨
   striped head.

v. pester, harass.

pj. jezevec.

sp. zlobit, ÓkĮdlit.

< origin uncertain
\bagne
n. penal colony.
\baguette
n. a long thin French loaf.

< French
\bail
n. money etc. pledged against the temporary release¨
   of an untried prisoner.
\bairn
n. Scot. and N.Engl. child.

< Old English, cf. "bear"
\bait
[beit] n.
o  food used to entice prey.
o  allurement.

v.
o  harass, torment, or annoy (a person or chained¨
   animal).
o  put bait on (a hook, trap, etc.).

< Old Norse
\bald
[bo:ld] adj.
o  lacking some or all hair on the scalp (the¨
   politically correct expression is "receding¨
   hairline").
o  lacking the usual hair, feathers, leaves, etc.
o  colloq. with a worn surface (bald tyre).
o  plain, direct (bald statement, style).

balding adj. (in senses 1-3)
baldly adv. (in sense 4)
baldness n.

< Old English
\baldric
['bo:ldrik] n. an often ornamented belt worn¨
   diagonally across the chest to support a sword or¨
   horn.
\bale
pj. Śok.
\baleful
['beilful] adj.
o  menacing in look, manner, etc.
o  malignant, destructive.

balefully adv.

< archaic bale evil
\balk
var. of baulk.
\ballast
n. heavy material stabilising a ship etc.
\ballet
n. representational dancing.
\baloney
--> boloney.
\banal
[b%'na:l] adj. trite, commonplace.

banality [-'n&liti] n.  banally adv.

< French, cf. "ban":  originally = compulsory, hence¨
   = common
\bandstand
n. outdoor platform for musicians.
\bandy about
v. discuss disparagingly.
\bane
[bein] n.
o  cause of ruin or trouble.
o  poet. ruin.
o  archaic (except in comb.) poison (ratsbane).
¨
baneful adj.

< Old English
\banns
n. notice announcing intended marriage, read out in¨
   a parish church.
\banter
n. good-humoured teasing.

v.
o  tease.
o  exchange banter.
< origin unknown
\baptism
n.

baptismal adj.
\baranche
n. four-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage with a folding¨
   top and a driver's seat outside.
\bard
n. poet.

< Celtic
\barge
v. to intrude.
\bark
bark1 [ba:k] n. sharp explosive cry of a dog.

< Old English

bark2 [ba:k] n. tough outer skin of tree-trunks,¨
   branches, etc.

< Scandinavian
\barmaid
n. woman serving in a pub etc.
\barnacle
n.
o  marine crustacean clinging to rocks, ships'¨
   bottoms, etc.
o  tenacious attendant or follower.

< French or medieval Latin
\barometer
n.
o  an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure,¨
   used in weather forecasting and in determining¨
   elevation.
o  an indicator of change.

barometric adj.  barometrical adj.
barometrically adv.  barometry n.
\baron
(fem. baroness or baronne) n. member of the lowest¨
   order of the British or foreign nobility.

< medieval Latin, = man
\barrage
n.
o  concentrated artillery bombardment.
o  a rapid succession of questions or criticisms.
o  artificial barrier in a river etc.

< French barrer bar
\barrel-organ
n. a portable musical instrument similar to a small¨
   organ, in which the airflow to the pipes is¨
   controlled by valves operated by a hand crank;¨
   hurdy gurdy
\barren
adj. unable to bear young;  sterile, unfertile.
\barrier
n.
o  fence etc. that bars advance or access.
o  obstacle (class barriers).

< Romanic, cf. "bar"
\barrister
n. chiefly Brit. a lawyer who argues cases in the¨
   superior courts.
\barrow
barrow1
n.
o  two-wheeled handcart.
o  wheelbarrow.

< Old English, cf. "bear"

barrow2 n. ancient grave-mound

< Old English
\bash
v. strike bluntly or heavily.
\bashful
adj. shy, diffident.

bashfully adv.

< as abashed
\basic
['beisik] adj.
\basil
n. an aromatic herb with leaves used as seasoning.
\basis point
n. 0.01%.
\bast
n. fibre from the inner bark of a tree (esp. the¨
   lime).

< Old English
\bat
never bat an eyelid show no emotion or reaction.
\batch
vŁp.tech. dĮvkovŁ soubor.
\bate
v. lessen or diminish;  abate.
\bated
['beitid] adj. diminished.

with bated breath very anxiously.

< as "abate"
\bathos
['bei0os] n. lapse in mood from the sublime to the¨
   absurd or trivial;  anticlimax.

bathetic adj.  bathotic adj.

< Greek, = depth
\batman
n. army officer s servant.
\baton
n. thin stick for conducting an orchestra etc.
\batten
n. long flat strip of squared timber.
\batter
v. to strike hard and repeatedly.
\battery
n. the unlawful beating of a person.
\baulk
[bo:lk, bo:k] (also balk) v.
o  (often followed by at) jib, hesitate.
o  thwart, hinder.
o  disappoint.
o  miss, let slip (a chance etc.).

n.
o  hindrance;  stumbling-block.
o  roughly-squared timber beam.

< Old English
\bawd
[bo:d] n.
o  woman who maintains a brothel;  madam.
o  prostitute.

\bawdry
['bo:dri] n.
o  bawdy.
o  archaic lewdness;  obscenity;  bawdiness.
o  obs. the business of a prostitute.
o  obs. fornication.

< 1350-1400
\bawdy
['bo:di] adj. coursely and humorously indecent.

n. such talk or writing.

< bawd brothel-keeper < French baudetrot
\bawdy-house
n. brothel.
\bay
adj. dark reddish-brown.
\bay-tree
pj. bobkovŁ strom nebo keŅ.
\bdellium
n. tree yielding resin.
\bead
o  small knob in the foresight of a gun.
o  draw a bead on take aim at.
o  inner edge of a pneumatic tyre gripping the rim of¨
   the wheel.

< Old English, = prayer
\beadsman
n. archaic
o  man who prays for another, esp. when paid.
o  aged pensioner whose function is to pray for his¨
   benefactor.
o  inmate of an almhouse.
\beagle
['bi:g(%)l] n. small short-haired hound used for¨
   hunting hares.

< French
\beaked ship
n. loÄ se zobcem, ozobcovanĮ loÄ.
\bear
n. person who believes that stock prices will decline¨
   (opposed to bull).
\beater
n.
o  implement for beating (esp. eggs).
o  person who rouses game at a shoot.
\beatitude
[bi'&ti,tju:d] n.
o  perfect bliss or happiness.
o  used as a title for a primate esp. of an Eastern¨
   church.
o  (in pl.) blessings;  any of the declarations made¨
   in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5:3-12)¨
   beginning in "Blessed are".

< Latin beatitudo < beatus (15c)
\beauteous
['bju:ti%s] adj. poet. beautiful.
\beck
beck1 n. N.Engl. brook;  mountain stream.

< Old Norse

beck2
n.

at a person's beck and call subject to a person's¨
   constant orders.

< beckon
\beckon
v. to summon by nodding or waving.
\bedew
[bi'dju:] v. cover or sprinkle (as) with dew.
\bedlam
n.
o  a place of noisy confusion.
o  a madhouse.
\bedrock
n.
o  solid rock underlying alluvial deposits etc.
o  basic principles.
\beech
n. large smooth grey tree with glossy leaves.
\beeline
n. a fast straight course.
\beetle
adj. projecting, shaggy.
\beget
v. father, procreate.
\begone
v. go away at once.
\beguile
v. to deceive; cheat.
\behave
v.

behaver n. (X is an agent, not just a behaver).
\behemoth
n. huge creature or thing.

< Hebrew (Job 40:15)
\behest
[bi'hest] n. literary command;  request.

< Old English
\behold
v. see, observe.
\behoove
US --> behove.
\behove
v. formal
o  be incumbent on.
o  befit (it ill behoves him to protest).

< Old English be + heave
\beige
[beiŚ] n. pale sandy fawn colour.
\being
pj. bytost, jsoucno.
\belabour
v.
o  to beat or attack with blows.
o  to harp on.
\belch
v.
o  emit wind noisily through the mouth.
o  (of a chimney, gun, etc.) send (smoke etc.) out or¨
   up.
o  expel gas noisily from the stomach through the¨
   mouth.
o  eject spasmodically or violently.
o  explode or erupt violently.

n. act of belching.

< Old English
\beleaguer
v.
o  besiege.
o  vex;  harass.

< Dutch leger camp
\belie
[bi'lai] v. (belying)
o  give a false impression of (its appearance belies¨
   its age).
o  fail to fulfil or justify.

< Old English, cf. "be-"
\belief
[bi'li:f] n. (pl. beliefs)
o  firm opinion;  acceptance (that is my belief).
o  religious conviction (belief in the afterlife; has¨
   no belief).
o  (usu. foll. by in) trust or confidence.

< believe
\belike
adv. archaic very likely;  probably.

< 1525-35
\belles-lettres
[bel 'letr] n. pl. (also treated as sing.) literary¨
   literature regarded for its artistic value rather¨
   than its informative or didactic content.

< French, = fine letters
\belligerent
adj. aggressively hostile.
\bellow
v. emit a deep loud roar.
\bellows
n. pl. (also treated as sing.)
o  a device for driving air into or through¨
   something.
o  an expandable part, e.g. of a camera.

< belly
\bell-wether
n.
o  leading sheep of a flock.
o  ringleader.
\beloved
[bi'lavid] adj. much loved.

n. much loved person.
\bemuse
[bi'mju:z] v. puzzle, bewilder.

< be-, muse
\benediction
n. blessing.
\benefaction
[beni'f&kÓ(%)n] n. donation;  gift.
\benefactor
['beni,f&kt%(r)] n. (fem. benefactress) person giving¨
   (esp. financial) support.
\benefice
['benifis] n. a living from a church office.
\beneficent
[bi'ne-] adj. doing good;  generous, kind.

beneficence n.
\benevolent
[bi'nev%l%nt] adj. well-wishing.
\benign
[bi'nain] adj.
o  gentle, mild, kindly.
o  fortunate, salutary.
o  (of a tumour etc.) not malignant.

benignly adv.

< Latin benignus
\bequeath
[bi'kwi:$] v.
o  leave to a person in a will.
o  hand down to posterity.

< be- + quoth
\berate
[bi'reit] v. scold, rebuke.
\bereave
[bi'ri:v] v. (esp. as bereaved adj.) (often foll. by¨
   of) to be deprived of someone, esp. by death.

bereavement n.

< Old English reave deprive of
\bereft
[bi'reft] adj. (foll. by of) deprived (bereft of¨
   hope).

< past. part. of bereave
\Berkeleyan
adj. of Berkeley's philosophy.
\berserk
[b%'z%:k] adj. (esp. in go berserk) wild, frenzied;¨
   in a rage.

< Icelandic, = bear-coat (originally designating¨
   a Norse warrior)
\berth
n.
o  a built-in bed on a ship or train.
o  a job, especially on a ship.
o  a space at a wharf for a ship to dock.
o  enough space for a ship to manoeuvre.

give a wide berth to zdaleka se vyhnout.
\beseech
v. ask earnestly for.
\beseem
[bi'si:m] vt. archaic to be fit for or worthy of:¨
   conduct beseeming a gentleman.

vi. to be suitable or fitting.

< 1175-1225;  Middle English besemen < be- + seem
\beset
v. surround.
\beshrew
v. archaic to invoke evil upon.

beshrew me weakened curse.

< 1275-1325;  Middle English;  be- + shrew
\besotted
adj.
o  infatuated.
o  intoxicated, stupefied.
\bespatter
v. to soil, as with mud.
\bespeak
v. (bespeak-bespoke-bespoken)
o  engage in advance.
o  order (goods).
o  suggest;  be evidence of.

bespoke adj.
\bestiary
n. medieval treatise on beasts.
\bestir
v. to rouse to action.
\best man
n. bridegroom's chief attendant.
\bestow
[bi'stou] v. (foll. by on, upon) confer (a gift,¨
   right etc.).

bestowal n.

< Old English stow a place
\betake
v. (betake-betook-betaken) go (to a place or person).
\bethink
v. refl. (past and pp. bethought) formal
o  reflect;  stop to think.
o  be reminded by reflection.

< Old English be-
\betide
v. happen;  befall.

woe betide a person used as a warning (woe betide us¨
   if we fail).

< be- + tide befall
\betimes
[bi'taimz] adv. literary early, in good time.

< by
\betoken
v. be a sign of, indicate.
\betroth
[bi'tr%u$] v.

< be + truth
\bevy
n. a group or assemblage.
\bewray
vt. archaic reveal or expose.

< 1250-1300;  Middle English bewraien = be- be- +¨
   wraien, Old English wr×gan to accuse, Old High¨
   German ruogen;  akin to Old Norse rĻg quarrel,¨
   Gothic wrohs complaint
\bib
n.
o  piece of cloth etc. fastened round a child's neck¨
   while eating.
o  top front part of an apron, dungarees, etc.
¨
< 1275-1325;  Middle English bibben to drink < Latin¨
   bibere
\bide
v.

bide one's time wait for a good opportunity.

< Old English
\bier
n. movable frame on which a coffin or corpse rests.¨

< Old English
\bifurcate
adj. forked;  branched.

< Latin furca fork
\bifurcation
n. the quality of being forked.
\bigot
['bigot] n. obstinate believer who is intolerant of¨
   others.

bigoted adj.

< French
\bigotry
n. intolerance, esp. in matters of religion, race and¨
   politics.

\bilge
n. the almost flat part of a ship's bottom.
\bilious
adj. affected by a disorder of the bile.
\billboard
n. large outdoor advertising hoarding.
\billiards
['bilj%dz] n.
\bill of fare
n. menu.
\bill of lading
n. detailed list of a ship's cargo.
\billow
n. rise in waves or large masses.
\bimbo
n. attractive but unintelligent young woman.
\biopsy
n. the study of tissues removed from the living body¨
   as an aid to medical diagnosis.
\biped
n. two-footed animal.
\bird
birds of same feather flock together vrĮna k vrĮnŨ
   sedĮ.
\birdlime
n. sticky substance spread to trap birds.

pj. lep na ptĮky, kterŁ se roztÉrĮ na vÅjici.
\bitch
n. female of canine animals.
\bizarre
[bi'za:r] adj. strange;  eccentric;  grotesque.

< French
\blab
v. (-bb-)
o  talk foolishly or indiscreetly.
o  reveal (a secret etc.);  confess.

< imitative
\black art
n. (often Black Arts) witchcraft, sorcery and other¨
   occult practice used for evil purposes.

< 1580-90
\Black Friar

< Dominican friar.
\blackamoor
n. archaic a person with a very dark skin.

< 1540-50;  unexplained var. of phrase black Moor
\blackhead
n. black-topped pimple on the skin.
\blackjack
n. pontoon.
\blackmail
n.
o  extortion of payment in return for silence.
o  payment so extorted.
o  use of threats or moral pressure.

v.
o  (try to) extort money etc. from by blackmail.
o  threaten, coerce.

blackmailer n.

< obsolete mail rent
\black pudding
n. sausage of pork, dried pig's blood, suet, etc.

pj. jelito.
\bland
adj.
o  mild, not irritating.
o  tasteless;  insipid, dull.
o  gentle in manner;  suave.

blandly adv.  blandness n.

< Latin blandus smooth
\blanket
adj. applying to or covering a wide range of¨
   conditions or requirements (a blanket insurance¨
   policy).
\blank verse
n. unrhymed verse, esp. iambic pentameters.
\blare
v. make the sound of a trumpet.
\blarney
[bla:ni] v.

< Irish
\blase
--> blas×
\blas×
adj.
o  uninterested or bored.
o  sophisticated.
\blasphemy
n. irreverent treatment of a religious or sacred¨
   thing.
\blasted
adj. damned, annoying.
\blatant
adj. unashamed;  obtrusive.
\blazer
n. jacket without matching trousers, esp. lightweight¨
   and often part of a uniform.

< blaze
\blazon
['bleiz(%)n] v.
o  proclaim (esp. blazon abroad).
o  heraldry describe or paint (arms).

n.
o  heraldry shield or coat of arms.
o  archaic shield.

blazonment n.  blazonry n.

< French, originally = shield
\blear
[bli:(r)] vt. to make dim, as with tears or¨
   inflammation.

adj.
o  (of the eyes) dim from tears.
o  dim;  indistinct.

n.  blur;  cloudiness;  dimness.

blearedness n.
\bleary
adj. dim;  blurred.
\bleat
n. the cry of a goat, sheep or calf.
\blemish
n. flaw, defect or stain.
\blench
v. flinch, quail.

< Old English
\blighter
n. contemptible or annoying person.
\blindfold
v. cover the eyes of a person etc.
\blind spot
n. area where vision or understanding is lacking.
\blinker
n. (usu. in pl.) each of two screens on a bridle¨
   preventing lateral vision.

v. obscure with blinkers.
\blip
n. minor deviation or error.
\bliss
n. perfect joy.
\blister
n. a thin swelling on the skin containing watery¨
   matter, caused by burning or irritation.
\blithe
[blai$] adj.
o  cheerful, happy.
o  careless, casual.

blithely adv.

< Old English
\bloat
v.
o  inflate, swell.
o  (as bloated adj.) inflated with pride.
\bloke
n. slang man, fellow.

< Shelta
\bloomers
n. hist. women's lose knee-length trousers.  These¨
   trousers were invented by Mrs A. Bloomer who¨
   designated them as a rational dress.
\Bloomsbury
n. district in central London, North of the Thames:¨
   a literary, artistic, and intellectual centre in¨
   the early 20th century.
\blowout
n.
o  sudden bursting, as of an automobile tire.
o  sudden escape of confied gas.
o  slang large party or social affair.
\bluebottle
n. large buzzing fly.
\Bluenose II
n. famous Canadian ship built in Lunenberg, Nova¨
   Scotia.  Bluenose II is depicted on Canadian¨
   dimes.
\bluestocking
n. intellectual or literary woman.
\blunder
n.
o  serious or foolish mistake.
o  clumsy movement.
\blunderbuss
n. short large-bored gun.
\blunt
adj.
o  not sharp or pointed.
o  direct, outspoken.

v. make blunt or less sharp.

bluntly adv. (in sense 2 of adj.)  bluntness n.
< probably Scandinavian
\blur
v. (-rr-) make or become unclear.
\bluster
v.
o  behave pompously or boisterously.
o  (of the wind etc.) blow fiercely.

n. bombastic talk;  empty threats.

blustery adj.

< imitative
\BMX
[,bi:em'eks]
n.
o  organized bicycle-racing on a dirt-track.
o  bicycle used for this.

< abbreviation of bicycle moto-cross
\boa
n. long stole of fur.
\boar
n.
o  Old World wild swine with a narrow body and¨
   prominent tusks from which most domestic swine¨
   come.
o  an uncastrated male pig.
\board
n.
o  a thin piece of timber.
o  (in pl.) the stage of a theatre.

go by the board be neglected or discarded.

< Old English
\boat-hook
n. long hooked pole for moving boats.
\bob
v. move quickly up and down.
\bobbery
n. disturbance;  brawl.

< 1810-20;  Hindi
\bobbin
['bobin] n. spool or reel for thread etc.

< French
\bodkin
['bodkin] n. blunt thick needle for drawing tape etc.¨
   through a hem.

< origin uncertain
\bog
v. (often foll. by down) to sink in or as if in a bog¨
   (bogged down with a lot of work).
\bogie
['b%ugi] n. wheeled undercarriage below a locomotive¨
   etc.

< origin unknown
\bogus
['b%ug%s] adj. sham, spurious;  counterfeit, fake.

< origin unknown
\boiler suit
n. protective outer garment of trousers and jacket in¨
   one.
\boisterous
adj. noisily exuberant;  rough.
\bole
n. trunk of a tree.

< Old Norse
\boletus
[bou'li:t%s] pj. hŅib.
\boloney
n. (also baloney) slang nonsense.

< origin uncertain
\Bolshevik
n.
o  hist. member of the radical faction of the Russian¨
   Social Democratic Party becoming the Communist¨
   Party in 1918.
o  Russian Communist.
o  any revolutionary socialist.

< Russian, = member of the majority
\bolster
n. long cylindrical pillow.

v. (usu. foll. by up) encourage, support, prop up.¨

< Old English
\bolt
v. dash off suddenly.
\bolus
n.
o  small round mass.
o  large pill or tablet.
\bombinate
v. make a humming or buzzing noise.
\bona fide
['bon% faidi] adj. genuine;  sincere.
\bonhomme
n. a good-natured man.

< French
\bonnet
['bonit] n.
o  hat tied under the chin, worn especially by¨
   babies.
o  Scotsman's floppy beret.
o  hinged cover over a vehicle's engine.

< French
\bonny
adj. attractive, good, etc.
\booby
n. stupid or childish person.

< Spanish bobo
\bookend
n. an often decorative support of the end of a row of¨
   books.
\boon
boon1
n. advantage;  blessing.

< Old Norse

boon2
adj. intimate, favourite (usu. boon companion).

< French bon < Latin bonus good
\boor
n. ill-mannered person.
\boot
vŁp. tech. zavĮdÅcÉ sektor kotouĆe.
\bootleg
v. illicitly deal in alcohol.
\booty
n. loot, spoil.
\born-again
attrib adj. converted or re-converted (esp. to¨
   fundamentalist Christianity).
\borough
['bar%]
n.
o  town represented in the House of Commons.
o  town or district granted the status of borough.
o  hist. town with a municipal corporation conferred¨
   by a royal charter.

< Old English
\Borstal
['b%:st(%)l] n. hist. residential institution for¨
   youth custody.

Usage:  This term has now been replaced by detention¨
   centre and youth custody centre.

< Borstal in Kent
\bosh
n. and int. slang nonsense.

< Turkish, = empty
\bosom
['buz(%)m] n. person's (esp. a woman's) breast.

< Old English
\Boswell, James
n.
o  Scottish author:  a biographer of Samuel Johnson.
o  any devoted biographer.
\bother
v.

< Irish
\bottleneck
n.
o  a narrow stretch of road or a junction at which¨
   traffic is or may be held up.
o  the traffic hold up itself.
o  something that holds up progress, esp. of¨
   a manufacturing process.
o  Music
o  the broken-off neck of a bottle placed over¨
   a finger and used to produce a buzzing effect in¨
   a style of guitar-playing originally part of the¨
   American blues tradition.
o  the style of guitar playing using a bottleneck.

vt. US to be or cause an obstruction in.
\bottom line
n. colloq.
o  underlying truth;  ultimate, esp. financial¨
   criterion.
o  money, power.
\boudoir
n. woman's private room.
\bough
[bau] n. main branch of a tree.

< Old English
\bouillon
n. a clear meat broth.
\boulder
n. large smooth rock.
\bounden duty
n. formal solemn responsibility.

< archaic past part. of "bind"
\bounder
n. Brit. a cad.
\bounty
n. generosity.
\bouquet
[bu:'kei] n.
o  cluster of flowers.
o  compliment.
\bourgeois
often derog. adj.
o  conventionally middle-class.
o  materialistic.
o  capitalist.

n. (pl. same) bourgeois person.

< French
\bourgeoisie
n. the capitalist class.
\bout
n.
o  contest;  match.
o  spell of work or activity.
\bovine
adj.
o  of, pertaining to, or resembling an ox or cow.
o  dull;  stolid.

bovine n.
\bow
bow1 [bou] n.
o  slip-knot with a double loop.
o  ribbon etc. so tied.
o  curved piece of wood etc. with a string stretched¨
   across its ends, for shooting arrows.
o  rod with horsehair stretched along its length, for¨
   playing the violin etc.
o  shallow curve or bend;  thing of this form.

v. (also absol.) use a bow on (a violin etc.).

< Old English

bow2 [bau] v.
o  incline the head or body, esp. in greeting or¨
   acknowledgement.
o  submit (bowed to the inevitable).
o  cause (the head etc.) to incline.

n. act of bowing.

bow and scrape toady.

bow down
o  bend or kneel esp. in submission or reverence.
o  make stoop;  crush (bowed down by care).

bow out
o  exit (esp. formally).
o  withdraw;  retire.

take a bow acknowledge applause.

< Old English

bow3 [bau] n.
o  (often in pl.) front end of a boat.
o  rower nearest this.

< Low German or Dutch, cf. "bough"
\bowdlerise
v. expurgate (a book etc.).

< Bowdler, name of an expurgator of Shakespeare
\bower
['bau%(r)] n.
o  arbour;  summer-house.
o  poet. inner room.

< Old English, = dwelling
\bowl
[boul] n. usu. a round deep basin for food, liquid¨
   etc.

< Old English
\bowsprit
['bausprit] n. a spar extending forward from the bow¨
   of a sailing ship.
\box
box1 pj. zimostrĮz, buxus.

box2 n. hard slap, esp. on the ears.
\boxwood
n. the hard wood of the box tree.
\boysenberry
['boiz%n,beri] n.
o  a large bramble fruit with a raspberry flavor.
o  the trailing hybrid bramble yielding this fruit¨
   and developed by crossing several blackberries and¨
   raspberries.

< Rudolph Boysen (US horticulturist) + berry
\bp
--> BP
\b.p.
--> BP
\BP
abbr. before present.
\brace
n.
o  device that clamps or fastens tightly.
o  timber etc. strengthening a framework.
o  (in pl.) straps supporting trousers from the¨
   shoulders.
o  wire device for straightening the teeth.
o  (pl. same) pair (esp. of game).
o  rope for trimming a sail.
o  connecting mark "{" or "}" in printing.

v.
o  make steady by supporting.
o  fasten tightly to make firm.
o  (esp. as bracing adj.) invigorate, refresh.
o  (often refl.) prepare for a difficulty, shock etc.

< Latin bracchia arms
\brae
[brei] n. Scot. hillside.

< Old Norse
\brag
v. (-gg-) talk boastfully.

n.
o  card-game like poker.
o  boastful statement or talk.

< origin unknown
\braggart
n. boastful person.

adj. boastful.

braggartly adv.
\braggartism
n.
o  boasting.
o  excessive praise.
\Brahman
['bra:m%n] n. (also brahman) (pl. -s)
o  (also Brahmin) member of the highest or priestly¨
   Hindu caste.
o  = Brahma.
\braid
n.
o  woven band as edging or trimming.
o  US plait of hair.

v.
o  US plait.
o  trim with braid.

braiding n.

< Old English
\bramble
['br&mb%l] n.
o  any of a genus (Rubus) of usu. prickly shrubs of¨
   the rose family including the raspberries and¨
   blackberries.
o  a rough prickly shrub or vine.

brambly adj.¨

pj. ostruŚinÉ.

< ME brembel < OE bremel, cf. OE brom broom (bef.¨
   12c)
\brand
n. piece of charred or burning wood.
\brandish
v. wave or flourish as a threat or display.

< French < Germanic
\brasserie
n. restaurant, originally one serving beer with food.
\brassiere
n. bra.

< French
\brat
n. child, usu. derogatively, esp. an ill-behaved one.
\bravado
[br%'va:d%u] n. show of boldness.

< Spanish
\bray
n.
o  cry of a donkey.
o  harsh sound like this.

v.
o  make a bray.
o  utter harshly.

< French braire
\brazen
['breiz(%)n] adj.
o  shameless;  insolent.
o  of or like brass.
o  harsh in sound.

v. (foll. by out) face or undergo defiantly (brazen¨
   it out).

< Old English
\brazier
n. a metal pan for holding burning coals or charcoal.
\breach
n. a gap or hole, esp. in a solid structure; breaking¨
   of law etc.
\breadwinner
n. a person who works to support a family.
\breakdown
n.
o  zhroucenÉ.
o  havĮrie.
o  rozbor, rozpis (mark breakdown rozpis znĮmek).
\bream
n. a type of fish.
\breastplate
n. armour covering the breast.
\breeches
n. pl.
o  trousers ending above the knee.
o  knee-length trousers.
\breviary
n. book containing the Roman Catholic daily office.
\bric-a-brac
n. cheap ornaments etc.
\brickbat
n.
o  piece of brick, esp. one used as a missile.
o  critical remark.
\bridgehead
n. fortified position held on the enemy's side of¨
   a river etc.
\bridle
n. headgear for controlling a horse, including reins¨
   and bit.
\bridle-path
n. rough path for riders and walkers.
\brier
brier1 ['brai%(r)] n. (also briar) wild rose or other¨
   prickly bush.

< Old English

brier2 ['brai%(r)] n. (also briar)
o  white heath of S. Europe.
o  tobacco pipe made from its root.

< French bruyere
\brigand
['brig%nd] n. member of a robber band;  bandit.
¨
brigandage n.

< Italian brigante, cf. "brigade"
\Bright's disease
n. kidney disease.
\brim
n.
o  edge or lip of a vessel.
o  projecting edge of a hat.
\brimstone
n. archaic sulphur.

< burn, stone
\brine
n.
o  water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt.
o  sea water.
o  the ocean.

brineless adj.  briner n.  brinish adj.

< Old English
\briny
adj. of brine or the sea.
\brio
['bri:ou] n. vigour, vivacity.
\brioche
['bri:oÓ] n. a soft roll, sometimes mixed with¨
   currants.

< French < Germanic
\bristle
n. short stiff hair, especially on an animal s back,¨
   used in brushes.

v. show irritation.
\broach
[br%uĆ] v.
o  raise for discussion.
o  pierce (a cask) to draw liquor.
o  open and start using.

n.
o  bit for boring.
o  roasting-spit.

< Latin broccus projecting
\broad
US slang woman.
\broadsheet
n.
o  large-sized newspaper.
o  a large sheet of paper printed on one side only.
\broadside
n.
o  vigorous verbal attack.
o  simultaneous firing of all guns from one side of¨
   a ship.
o  side of a ship above the water between the bow and¨
   the quarter.

broadside on sideways on.
\brochure
['brouÓ%(r)] n. a pamphlet or booklet, esp. with¨
   descriptive information.
\broil
v. esp. US
o  grill (meat).
o  make or become very hot, esp. from the sun.

< French bruler burn
\brooch
n. ornamental hinged pin.

< French broche broach
\brood
v.
o  worry or ponder (esp. resentfully).
o  (of a bird) sit on eggs to hatch them.
\brook
brook1 [bruk] n. small stream.

< Old English

brook2 [bruk] v. (usu. with neg.) literary to put up¨
   with;  tolerate, allow.

< Old English
\broomstick
n. handle of a broom.
\broth
n. thin soup of meat me fish stock.

< Old English
\brother-in-law
pj. (mnĆ. brothers-in-law) Óvagr, nespis. ÓvĮra.
\brow
[brau] n.
o  the part of the face from the eyes to the¨
   hairline;  forehead.
o  short for eyebrow.
o  the expression of the face;  countenance¨
   (a troubled brow).
o  the top of a mine shaft;  pithead.
o  the jutting top of a hill, etc.
o  Northern English dialect. a steep slope on a road.

< Old English brÕ, cf. Old Norse brun eyebrow,¨
   Lithuanian bruvis, Greek ophrus, Sanskrit bhrus
\brownfield
n. an area of contaminated land.
\brown study
n. deep, serious absorption in thought.
\browse
[brauz] v.
o  read desultorily or look over goods for sale.
o  (often foll. by on) feed on leaves, twigs, etc.

s. brouzdat se (sÉdly poĆÉtaĆov× sÉtÅ).

n.
o  twigs, shoots, etc. as fodder.
o  act of browsing.

< French brost bud
\brunette
n. woman with dark brown hair.
\brunt
n. the main impact, force, or burden, as of a blow or¨
   an attack (esp. bear the brunt of).

< origin unknown
\Brussels
pj. Brusel, hlavnÉ mÅsto Belgie.
\brusque
adj. abrupt or offhand.

brusquely adv.  brusqueness n.

< Italian brusco sour
\bubonic plague
pj. dŁmÅjovŁ mor.
\buccaneer
n. pirate.
\buck
n.
o  US slang dollar.
o  (of a horse) jump upwards, with its back arched.
\bucket
n.

kick the bucket slang die.
\buckle
buckle1 n.
o  a clasp, esp. a frame with a movable tongue for¨
   fastening two strap or belt ends.
o  an ornament that resembles a buckle.

buckle v. to fasten or secure with a buckle.

buckle down to begin working hard.

buckle2 v.
o  to bend, warp, or crumple under pressure or heat.
o  to collapse or yield

buckle n. a bend, bulge, or other distortion.
\buckler
n. small round shield.
\buckram
n. coarse linen etc. stiffened with paste etc.
¨
< French boquerant
\buckwheat
n. a member of genus Fagopyrum, an annual Asian plant¨
   with clusters of small pinkish white flowers and¨
   small edible triangular seeds which are used whole¨
   or ground into flour.
o  cereal grain.
\bucolic
[bju:,kolik] adj. of shepherds;  rustic, pastoral.

n. (usu. in pl.) pastoral poem or poetry.

< Greek boukolos herdsman
\budge
v. (usu. with neg.)
o  move slightly.
o  (cause to) change an opinion.

budge up (or over) make room for another person by¨
   moving.

< French bouger
\budgerigar
n. small parrot, often kept as a cage-bird.
\budgie
colloq. = budgerigar.
\buffet
buffet1 n.
o  room or counter where refreshments are sold.
o  self-service meal of several dishes set out at¨
   once.
o  sideboard or recessed cupboard.

< French, = stool

buffet2
v.
o  strike repeatedly.
o  contend with (waves etc.).

n.
o  blow, esp. of the hand.
o  shock.

< French diminutive of bufe blow
\bugbear
n. cause of annoyance.
\bulimia nervosa
n. disorder in which overeating alternates with¨
   self-induced vomiting, fasting, etc.
\bullet
n.

bite (on) the bullet to face up to (pain, trouble,¨
   etc.) with fortitude;  be stoical.

bite (on) the bullet zatnout zuby.
\bull's-eye
n.
o  centre of a target.
o  hard minty sweet.
o  hemispherical ship's window.
o  small circular window.
o  hemispherical lens.
o  lantern with this.
o  boss of glass in a blown glass sheet.
\bulwark
n. defensive wall, esp. of earth.

pj. val.
\bum
bum1 n. slang buttocks.

< origin uncertain

bum2 US slang n. loafer or tramp;  dissolute person.

v. (-mm-)
o  (often foll. by around) loaf or wander around.
o  cadge.

attrib. adj. of poor quality.

< German Bummler loafer
\bungle
v.
o  mismanage or fail at (a task).
o  work badly or clumsily.

n. bungled attempt or work.

bungler n.

< imitative
\bunk
n. nonsense.
\bunker
n.
o  container for fuel.
o  reinforced underground shelter.
o  sandy hollow in a golf-course.

< origin unknown
\buoy
n.
o  anchored float as a navigation mark etc.
o  lifebuoy.

v.
o  (usu. foll. by up) keep afloat.
o  (usu. foll. by up) encourage, uplift.
o  (often foll. by out) mark with buoy.

< Dutch, perhaps from Latin boia collar
\buoyant
adj.
o  able or apt to keep afloat.
o  resilient;  exuberant.

buoyancy n.

< French or Spanish, cf. "buoy"
\bur
n.
o  prickly clinging seed-case or flower-head.
o  any plant having these.
o  clinging person.
o  var. of burr.

pj. pichlĮk, bodlĮk, napÉnĮk, pŅipÉnĮk.
¨
< Scandinavian
\burble
v. talk ramblingly.
\burdock
['b%:dok] n. plant with prickly flowers and docklike¨
   leaves.

pj. lopuch.

< bur + dock
\bureau
n. desk with drawers.
\bureaucrat
n.
o  official in a bureaucracy.
o  inflexible administrator.

bureaucratic adj.  bureaucratically adv.
\burgeon
v. literary grow rapidly;  flourish.

< Latin burra wool
\burgher
n. citizen of a Continental town.

< German or Dutch
\burlap
n. a coarse fabric woven from jute, hemp, or the¨
   like.

pj. juta.
\burly
adj. large and sturdy.

< Old English
\burn
v.

burn one's boats (or bridges) commit oneself¨
   irrevocably.
\burnish
v. polish by rubbing.

< French brunir < brun brown
\burp
colloq. v.
o  belch.
o  make (a baby) belch.

n. belch.

< imitative
\burrow
n. hole or tunnel dug by a rabbit etc. as a dwelling¨
   or shelter.

v.
o  make a burrow.
o  make (a hole, one's way, etc.) (as) by digging.
o  (foll. by into) investigate, search.

< apparently var. of borough
\burthen
n. and v. archaic burden.
\bury
v.
o  inter with funeral ceremonies.
o  deposit in the earth.
o  conceal, hide.
\bust
adj. broken, bankrupt.
\buster
n. fellow.
\bustle
bustle1 v.
o  (often foll. by about) (cause to) move busily and¨
   energetically.
o  (as bustling adj.) active, lively.

n. excited or energetic activity.

perhaps < obsolete busk prepare

bustle2 n. hist. padding worn under a skirt to puff¨
   it out behind.

< origin unknown
\busy
adj.

busyness n.
\butch
[buĆ] adj. slang (of a man or woman) masculine,¨
   tough-looking;  aggressively masculine.

n.
o  a lesbian who is noticeably masculine.
o  a strong rugged man.

< back formation < butcher
\butt
butt1 v.
o  push or strike with the head or horns.
o  (cause to) meet edge to edge.

butt in interrupt, meddle.

n.
o  push with the head.
o  join of two edges.

< French < Germanic

butt2 n.
o  (often foll. by of) object of ridicule etc.
o  mound behind a target.
o  (in pl.) shooting-range.

< French but goal

butt3 n.
o  thicker end, esp. of a tool or weapon.
o  stub of a cigarette etc.
o  esp. US slang buttocks.

< Dutch

butt4 n. cask.

< Latin buttis
\buttercup
pj. blatouch.
\buttress
['batris] n.
o  projecting support built against a wall.
o  source of help etc.

v. (often foll. by up)
o  support with a buttress.
o  support by argument etc. (buttressed by facts).

< butt
\buzzard
n. large bird of the hawk family.
\bye
interj. colloq. bye-bye

< goodbye
\bylaw
n. law or rule governing the internal affairs of an¨
   organisation, such a city or municipality.
\bypass
['bai,pa:s] n.
o  a main road passing round a town, its centre or¨
   other congested area.
o  a means of redirecting the flow of a substance¨
   around an appliance through which it would¨
   otherwise pass.
o  Surgery the redirection of blood flow, either to¨
   avoid a diseased blood vessel or in order to¨
   perform heart surgery.  (see coronary bypass)
o  (as modifier) bypass surgery.
\byword
n.
o  person or thing as a notable example (is a byword¨
   for luxury).
o  familiar saying.
\C
C1 [si:] n. (pl. Cs or C's)
o  (also c) third letter of the alphabet.
o  Mus. first note of the diatonic scale of C major.
o  third hypothetical person or example.
o  third highest category etc.
o  algebra (usu. c) third known quality.
o  (as a Roman numeral) 100.
o  (also (C)) copyright.

C2 symb. carbon.

C3 abbr.
o  Celsius, centigrade.
o  coulomb(s), capacitance.
\c.
abbr.
o  century.
o  cent(s).
o  circa.
\cabal
n. secret intrigue.
\cabriole
['k&bri%ul] n. a kind of esp. 18th-c. curved table or¨
   chair leg.

< French, cf. "capriole"
\cache
[k&Ó] n. hiding-place.
\cad
n. man who behaves dishonourably.

caddish adj.

< abbreviation of caddie
\cadaver
med. corpse.
\cadence
['keid(%)ns] n.
o  rhythm;  the measure or beat of a sound or¨
   movement.
o  fall in pitch of the voice.
o  tonal inflection.
o  close of a musical phrase.

< Latin cado fall
\cadet
[k%'det] n. young trainee for the armed services or¨
   police force.

cadetship n.

< French < Latin caput head
\cadre
['ka:d%(r)] n.
o  basic unit, esp. of servicemen.
o  group of esp. Communist activists.

< French < Latin quadrus square
\caecum
[si:k%m] n. biol. esp. in intestinum caecum, blind¨
   gut.
\caesura
n. (pl. -s)
o  pause in a line of verse.
o  any pause or interruption.

caesural adj.

< Latin caedo cut
\caf×
n. a small coffee-house or restaurant.

< French
\caftan
['k&ft&n] n. (also kaftan)
o  long tunic worn by men in the Near East.
o  long loose dress or shirt.

< Turkish
\cagey
['keidŚi] adj. (also cagy) colloq. cautious and¨
   noncommital.

cagily adv.  caginess n.

< origin unknown
\cairn
n. mound of stones as a monument or landmark.
\caitiff
n. archaic a base person;  villain.

adj. base;  despicable.
\cajole
v. persuade by flattery, deceit etc.
\calculus
n. (pl. -li or -luses)
o  med. an abnormal mineral concretion in the body,¨
   such as a stone in the gallbladder.
o  the combined mathematics of differential and¨
   integral calculus.

pj. kalkul.
\calendar
n. a timetable of dates, events etc.
\calibre
['k&lib%(r)] n. (US caliber) internal diameter of¨
   a gun.
\caliph
n. esp. hist. chief Muslim civil and religious ruler.

caliphate n.

< Arabic, = successor (of Muhammad)
\callisthenics
[,k&lis'0eniks] n.pl. (also calisthenics) exercises¨
   for fitness and grace.

callisthenic adj.

< Greek kallos beauty, sthenos strength
\callous
adj.
o  having calluses.
o  unfeeling, insensitive.
\callow
adj. inexperienced, immature (of a person).
\callus
pj. mozol.
\caloric
adj. of heat or calories.
\calque
n. a loan translation.
\calumniate
v. slander.
\calvados
n. apple brandy.
\calvary
--> Calvary
\Calvary
n.
o  a hill just outside the walls of Jerusalem where¨
   Jesus was crucified (also called Golgotha).
o  a representation of Christ's crucifixion, usually¨
   sculptured and in the open air.
o  (l.c.) any experience involving intense suffering.

< Late Latin CalvĮria < translation of Greek kranion¨
   skull < translation of Aramaic gulgulta Golgotha
\cam
n. projection on a wheel etc., shaped to convert¨
   circular motion into reciprocal or variable¨
   motion.

pj. stroj. vaĆka, vŁstŅednÉk.

< Dutch kam comb
\cambric
n. fine linen or cotton fabric.
\campus
['k&mpus] n. (pl. -es)
o  grounds of a university or college.
o  esp. US a university.

pj. US (universitnÉ nebo ÓkolnÉ) campus, prostranstvɨ
   mezi universitnÉmi nebo ÓkolnÉmi budovami¨
   s pŅilehlŁmi hŅiÓti;  universitnÉ areĮl.

< Latin, = field
\Candlemas
n. feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary (2¨
   February).

< Old English, cf. "mass"
\candlestick
n. holder for one or more candles.
\candour
n. (US candor) openness;  frankness.

< Latin candor
\canker
n.
o  destructive disease of trees and plants.
o  ulcerous ear disease of animals.
o  corrupting influence.

v.
o  infect with canker.
o  corrupt.
o  (as cankered adj.) soured, malignant.

cankerous adj.

pj. rakovina (stromŹ).

< Latin, cf. "cancer"
\cannibal
n. person or animal that eats its own species.

pj. lidoŚrout, lidojed (o lidech a o zvÉŅatech);¨
   samoŚrout (pouze o zvÉŅatech).

cannibalism n.  cannibalistic adj.

< Spanish < Carib
\canon
n.
o  all of author's works viewed collectively.
o  the body of works that make up a nation's literary¨
   heritage.
\cant
n. insincere, pious or moral talk.
\cantankerous
adj. bad-tempered, quarrelsome.
\canter
n. horse's pace between a trot and a gallop.
\canvas
pj. plĮtno.
\canvass
v. solicit votes, esp. from a constituency¨
   electorate.
\capable
adj. competent, able, gifted.

< Latin capio hold
\capadoce
n. a short cape, that could be buttoned or clasped¨
   round the throat.

< Middle English
\cape
n. sleeveless cloak.
\Cape of Good Hope
pj. Mys dobr× nadÅje.
\caper
caper1 v. jump or run playfully.

n.
o  playful leap.
o  prank.
o  slang illicit activity.

cut a caper frolic.

< abbreviation of capriole

caper2 n.
o  bramble-like shrub.
o  (in pl.) its pickled buds used esp. in a sauce.
¨
< Greek kapparis
\capital
n.
o  assets available for use in the production of¨
   further assets.
o  upper case letter (printers once kept type for¨
   capitals and small letters in separate cases).
o  the material wealth owned by a person or¨
   a business.
o  a seat of government.
o  the upper part of a column that supports the¨
   entablature.

adj. great.
\capon
['keip%n] n. castrated cock fattened for eating.

pj. kapoun.

< Latin capo
\capote
[k%'pout] n. long cloak with a hood.

< French, der. of cape cape
\caprice
[k%'pri:s] n. whim.

< Italian
\capstan
n.
o  nautical a vertical revolving cylinder for¨
   hoisting weights by winding in a cable.
o  a small cylindrical pulley used to regulate the¨
   speed of magnetic tape in a tape recorder.
\capstone
n.
o  a finishing stone of a structure.
o  the crowning achievement, point, element, or¨
   event.
\captious
adj. apt to make trivial criticisms;  fault-finding;¨
   carping.

< Latin captiĻsus
\captivate
['k&pti,veit] v. fascinate;  charm.

captivation n.

< Latin, cf. "captive"
\carafe
n. glass container for water or wine.
\carapace
n. upper shell of a tortoise or crustacean.
\carbuncle
['ka:ba@k(%)l] n. a bright-red gem.

< Latin
\carburretor
n. apparatus in internal-combustion engine mixing¨
   petrol and air to make an explosive mixture.
\carcanet
n. a woman's ornamental, usu. jewelled headband or¨
   necklace.

< 1520-30;  carcan choker (< Middle French, = carc-¨
   throat (< Germanic) + -an ring < Latin Įnus) + -et
\card
pj.
o  karta (credit card ÕvÅrovĮ karta, debit card¨
   vŁbÅrovĮ karta).
o  ploÓnŁ spoj (memory card ploÓnŁ spoj s pamÅŌovŁmi¨
   obvody).
\careen
v. turn (a ship) on one side for a repair etc.
\caret
['k&ret] n. a mark (^) indicating a proposed¨
   insertion in printing or writing.

< Latin, = is lacking
\caribou
n. N. American reindeer.
\caricature
['k&rik%Ću%(r)] n.
o  grotesque usu. comically exaggerated¨
   representation esp. of a person.
o  ridiculously poor imitation or version.

< Italian
\caries
n. progressive decay of a bone or a tooth.

< Latin decay, cf. Greek ker death
\carnage
['ka:nidŚ] n. great slaughter, esp. in battle.

< Latin, cf. "carnal"
\carol
n. joyous song, esp. a Christmas hymn.

v. (-ll-;  US -l-)
o  sing carols.
o  sing joyfully.

< French
\carouse
[k%'rauz] v. have a lively drinking-party.

n. such a party.

carousal n.  carouser n.

< German gar aus (drink) right out
\carousel
n. merry-go-round.
\carp
v. find fault and complain constantly.

carper n.
\carrack
n. a merchant vessel used esp. by the Mediterranean¨
   countries in the 15th and 16th centuries; galleon.

< 1350-1400;  Middle English carrake < Middle French¨
   carraque < Spanish carraca, perhaps back formation¨
   from Arabic qarĮqÉr (pl. of qurqÕr ship of burden¨
   < Greek k×rkouros), the -Ér being taken as¨
   a plural ending
\carrel
n. a small cubicle for a reader in a library.
\carrion
['k&rion] n.
o  dead putrefying flesh.
o  something vile or filthy.

< Latin caro flesh
\cartel
n.
o  a letter of challenge, esp. to single combat.
o  a monopolistic association of independent¨
   businesses.
\carve
v.
o  produce or shape by cutting.
o  cut patterns etc. in.
o  (foll. by into) form a pattern etc. from (carved¨
   it into a bust).
o  (absol.) cut (meat etc.) into slices.

carve out
o  take from a larger whole.
o  establish (a career etc.) purposefully.

carve up
o  subdivide.
o  drive aggressively into the path of (another¨
   vehicle).

< Old English
\case law
n. law as established by the outcome of former cases.
\casement
['keisment] n. window or part of a window hinged to¨
   open like a door.

pj. kŅÉdlo okna.

< Anglo-Latin, cf. "case"
\caserne
n. lodging for soldiers.

< French
\cashew
['k&Óu:] n.
o  a tropical American anacardiaceous evergreen tree,¨
   Anacardium occidentale, bearing kidney-shaped nuts¨
   that protrude from a fleshy receptacle.
o  (also cashew nut) the edible nut of this tree.

< Portuguese cajÕ < Tupi acajÕ
\cash flow
n. movement of money into and out of a business.

pj. penÅŚnÉ tok.
\cashmere
['k&Ómi%] (also kashmir) n.
o  a fine soft wool from goats of the Kashmir area.
o  cloth or knitted material made from this or¨
   similar wool (a cashmere sweater).
\cask
n. barrel, esp. for alcohol.
\casket
['ka:skit] n.
o  small often ornamental box for jewels etc.
o  US coffin.

< Latin, cf. case
\casque
[k&sk] pj. pŅilba.

n. helmet.
\casserole
n.
o  a dish in which food is baked and served.
o  food baked and served in a casserole.
\cassette
[k&'set] n.
o  a plastic container for magnetic tape, inserted¨
   into a tape deck to be used for playing,¨
   recording, etc. (a cassette recorder).
o  photography another term for cartridge.
o  films a container for film used to facilitate the¨
   loading of a camera or projector, esp. when the¨
   film is used in the form of a loop.
o  biology the injection of genes from one species¨
   into the fertilized egg of another species.

< French "little box", cf. case
\cassock
['k&s%k] n. long usu. black or red clerical garment.

< French < Italian
\cassoulet
n. ragout of meat and beans.

< French
\caste
n. [ka:st]
o  any of the Hindu hereditary classes whose members¨
   have no social contact with other classes.
o  exclusive social class or system of classes.

lose caste descend in social order.

< Spanish and Portuguese, cf. chaste
\castigate
['k&sti,geit] v. rebuke or punish severely.

castigation [-'geiÓ(%)n] n.  castigator n.

< Latin castus pure
\castor oil
n. oil with a purgative effect.
\casuist
['k&Śuist] n.
o  a person who uses clever but false reasoning in¨
   matters of conscience etc.
o  a person who applies general ethical principles to¨
   particular cases of conduct.
\catalysis
n. the acceleration of a chemical reaction by¨
   a catalyst.

< Greek lu set free
\catapult
n. and v.
\cat around
v. run around, be unfaithful.
\catarrh
n.
o  inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose,¨
   air-passages, etc.
o  mucus caused by this.

catarrhal adj.

< Greek rheĻ flow
\cate
[keit] n. (usu. cates) archaic a choice food;¨
   delicacy; dainty.

< 1425-75;  back formation from late Middle English¨
   cates, aph. var. of Middle English acates things¨
   bought, pl. of acat buying < Old North French, n.¨
   der. of acater to buy < Vulgar Latin accaptĮre =¨
   Latin ac- ac- + captĮre to seek out, cf "catch",¨
   "cater"
\catechism
n. principles of a religion in the form of questions¨
   and answers.
\caterpillar
['k&t%,pil%] n.
\caterwaul
v. make the shrill howl of a cat.

n. this noise.

< cat, -waul, imitative
\catharsis
[k%'0%:sis] n. (pl. catharses)
o  emotional release in drama and art.
o  Psychol. freeing and elimination of repressed¨
   emotion.
o  emptying of the bowels.

< Greek katharos clean
\catholic
adj.
o  all-embracing.
o  universal.
\catmint
['k&t,mint] n. (also called catnip) a Eurasian plant,¨
   Nepeta cataria having spikes of purple-spotted¨
   white flowers and scented leaves of which cats are¨
   fond:  family Labiatae (labiates).
\catnip
['k&t,nip] n. another name for catmint.
\catting
n. running around, being unfaithful.
\caucus
n. political group or meeting.
\cause
pj. filosofie pŅÉĆina.
\cause c×l‚bre
['ko:z sel%br] (pl. causes c×l‚bres pronunc. same) n.
o  a legal case that attracts much attention.
o  an issue arousing heated debate.

< French
\caustic
adj.
o  capable of burning or corroding by chemical action¨
   (caustic soda).
o  sarcastic;  cutting (caustic reply).
\cavalier
n.
o  supporter of Charles I.
o  courtly gentleman.
\cavalry
['k&valri] n. (pl. -ies) (usu. treated as pl.)¨
   soldiers on horseback or in armoured vehicles.

< cf. "cavalcade"
\caveat
['k&vi&t] n.
o  warning, proviso.
o  law process in court to suspend proceedings.

< Latin, = let him beware
\cavil
['k&vil] v. (-ll-, US -l-) (usu. foll. by at, about)¨
   make petty objections;  carp.

n. trivial objection.

< Latin cavillor
\cavort
[k&:vo:t] v. caper excitedly.

< origin uncertain
\CDT
abbr. Central Daylight (savings) Time;  cf. CST.
\cease
[si:s] formal v. stop;  bring or come to an end.

without cease unending.

< Latin cesso
\cease-fire
n.
o  period of truce.
o  order to stop firing.
\Celtic
['keltik] adj. of the Celts.

n. a group of Celtic languages, including Gaelic and¨
   Irish, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
\cenotaph
n. tomblike monument to a person whose body is¨
   elsewhere.
\censer
['sens%(r)] n. a vessel for burning incense.

< Anglo-French, cf. "incense"
\censor
v. make deletions or changes in.
\censure
['senÓ%(r)] n. hostile criticism;  disapproval.
\centaur
n. (in Greek mythology) creatures with the upper half¨
   of a man and the lower half of a horse.
\Central Powers
n. (in WW I) the nations that fought against the¨
   Allies:  Austria-Hungary, Germany and their¨
   allies, Bulgaria and Turkey.
\centrifugal
adj. moving or tending to move from a centre.

< centre, Latin fugio flee
\centripetal
adj. moving or tending to move towards a centre.

< Latin peto seek
\centurion
n. commander of a century in the ancient Roman army.

< Latin, cf. century
\cep
pj. (also cepe) hŅib.

< French
\ceremony
['serim%ni] n.

< Latin
\ceteris paribus
Lat. other things being equal.
\chafe
v.
o  make or become sore or damaged by rubbing.
o  make or become annoyed;  fret.
o  rub (esp. the skin to restore warmth or¨
   sensation).

n. sore caused by rubbing.

< Latin calefacio make warm
\chaff
[Ća:f] n.
o  separated husks of corn etc.
o  chopped hay or straw.
o  light-hearted teasing.
o  worthless things.

pj. plevy.

v. tease, banter.

< Old English
\chagrin
n. acute annoyance or disappointment.
\chaise
n. horse-drawn open carriage for one or two persons.
\chalet [   l  ]
n.
o  Swiss mountain hut or cottage with overhanging¨
   eaves.
o  house in a similar style.
o  small cabin in a holiday camp etc.

< Swiss French
\challenge
n.
\champ
v. munch or chew noisily.
\chancel
n. part of a church near the altar.

< Latin cancelli grating
\chandelier
n. ornamental branched support for lighting.
\changeless
adj.

changelessness n.
\chanterelle
pj. liÓka (druh houby).
\chapbook
n. a small book or pamphlet of tales, ballads,¨
   tracts, or poems.

< 1790-1800;  chap (as in chapman) + book
\chaperon
['Ó&p%r%un] n. person, esp. an older woman, ensuring¨
   propriety by accompanying a young unmarried woman¨
   on social occasions.

chaperon v.  chaperonage [-r%nidŚ] n.

< French chape cope, cf. cape
\chaplain
n. a member of the clergy attached to a private¨
   chapel, institution, ship, regiment etc.

chaplaincy n.

< Latin, cf. "chapel"
\chaplet
n. short string of beads.
\chapman
n. pedlar.
\charlatan
['Óa:l%t(%)n] n. person who deceives others by¨
   claiming to have expert knowledge or skill.

charlatanism n.

< Italian, = babbler
\charwoman
n. woman employed as a cleaner in a house.
\chary
['Će%ri] adj.
o  cautious, wary.
o  sparing;  ungenerous.

< Old English, cf. "care"
\chaste
adj. abstaining from extramarital, or from all,¨
   sexual intercourse.

ant. unchaste, lewd, salacious.
\chasten
v. subdue, restrain.
\chastise
[Ć&s'taiz] v.
o  rebuke severely.
o  punish, esp. by beating.

chastisement [-'taizm%nt] n.
\chastity
n. being chaste.
\chateau
n. (also cha^teau, pl. -x)
o  a French castle.
o  a large country house.
\chattel
[Ć&:t(%)l] n. (usu. in pl.) movable possession.

pj. movitost.

< French, cf. cattle
\chatterbox
n. a talkative person.
\chauffeur
n. driver.
\chaunt
v. obs. chant.
\checker
n.
o  var. of chequer.
o  US (in pl., usu. treated as sing.) draughts or¨
   a piece used in this game.

v.
o  mark like a checkerboard.
o  diversify in colour;  variegate.
o  diversify in character;  subject to alternations.
\check mark
n.

checkmark v.
\cheek
[Ći:k] n. impudence.

pj.
o  tvĮŅ, kniŚnÅ lÉce.
o  hov. drzost.

cheeky [Ći:ki] adj.

pŅj. drzŁ.
\cheery
adj. cheerful.

cheerily adv.  cheeriness n.
\cheesecake
n.
o  a rich tart with a biscuit base, filled with¨
   a mixture of cream cheese, cream, sugar, and often¨
   sultanas, sometimes having a fruit topping.
o  slang. women displayed for their sex appeal, as in¨
   photographs in magazines, newspapers, or films,¨
   cf. beefcake.

pj. tvaroŚnÉk.
\cheetah
n. a long-legged, swift-running spotted wild cat of¨
   Africa and southwestern Asia.
\chef
[Óef] n. (usu. male) cook, esp. the chief cook in¨
   a restaurant.

< French
\chequebook
n. booklet of forms for writing cheques.
\chert
n. a compact rock consisting essentially of¨
   microcrystalline quartz.

cherty adj.
\cherub
['Ćer%b] n.
o  angelic being of the second order of the celestial¨
   hierarchy.
o  representation of a winged child or its head.
o  beautiful or innocent child.

cherubic [Ći'ru:bik] adj.

ultimately < Hebrew
\chestnut
n.
o  glossy hard brown edible nut.
o  tree bearing it.
o  = horse chestnut.
o  wood of any chestnut.
o  horse of a reddish-brown colour.
o  colloq. stale joke etc.
o  reddish-brown.

adj. reddish-brown.

< Greek kastanea nut
\chiaroscuro
n. use of contrast in literature etc.
\chic
['Ói:k, Óik] adj. stylish, elegant.

chicly adv.
\chicanery
n.
o  clever but misleading talk.
o  trickery, deception.

< French
\Chicano
n. a Mexican American, esp. a man.

< 1960-5;  < Mexican Spanish by shortening and¨
   alteration of mexicano Mexican
\chickenpox
pj. plan× neÓtovice.
\chide
[Ćaid] v. archaic (chide-chided-chided or¨
   chide-chid-chidden) scold, rebuke.

< Old English
\chieftain
n. leader of a clan, tribe, etc.
\chime
[Ćaim] n.
o  set of attuned bells.
o  sounds made by this.

v.
o  (of bells) ring.
o  show (the time) by chiming.
o  (usu. foll. by together, with) be in agreement.

chime in
o  interject a remark.
o  join in harmoniously.
o  (foll. by with) agree with.

< Old English, cf. "cymbal"
\chivalrous
adj.
o  of or relating to chivalry.
o  marked by honour, courtesy, and generosity.
o  marked by especial courtesy to women.

chivalrously adv.  chivalrousness n.
\chock
n. a block or wedge placed under something, such as¨
   a boat or a wheel, to keep it from moving.
\choler
n. anger.
\chortle
n. gleeful chuckle.

v. utter or express with a chortle.

< probably < chuckle, snort
\chr che
n. day nursery.
\Christendom
n. Christians worldwide.
\Christiania
n. a former name of Oslo (in Norway).
\Christianity
n.
o  Christian religion.
o  being a Christian;  Christian quality or¨
   character.
\chrysanthemum
n.

< Greek, = gold flower
\chuck
v. fling or throw carelessly.
\chug
v. to emit a regular muffled explosive sound, as of¨
   an engine running slowly.
\chum
n. close friend.
\churchman
n. member of the clergy or of a Church.
\churl
n.
o  ill-bred person.
o  archaic peasant.

< Old English, = man
\churlish
adj. surly;  mean.

churlishly adv.  churlishness n.

< churl
\churn
n.
o  large milk-can.
o  butter-making machine.
\cinder
n.
o  a residue of wood or coal etc. after burning.
o  (in pl.) ashes.

< Old English sinder = slag
\cinder block
pj. tvĮrnice.
\cinnabar
n. bright red mercuric sulphide.
\cinnamon
n. aromatic spice from the bark of a SE Asian tree.
\cipher
['saif%(r)] (also cypher) n.
o  secret or disguised writing.
o  thing so written.
o  key to it.
o  arithmetical symbol (0) used to occupy a vacant¨
   place in decimal etc. numeration.
o  person or thing of no importance.

v. write in cipher.

< Arabic sifr
\circumflex
n. (also circumflex accent) mark (^) placed over¨
   a vowel to indicate contraction, length, etc.
\circumscribe
v.
o  (of a line etc.) enclose or outline.
o  lay down the limits of;  confine, restrict.
o  Geom. draw (a figure) round another, touching it¨
   at points but not cutting it.

circumscription n.

< Latin scribo write
\circumspect
adj. taking everything into account.
\cirrhosis
n. chronic liver disease as a result of alcoholilm,¨
   etc.
\cityscape
n. a view or picture of a city.
\civet
n.
o  (in full civet-cat) cat-like animal of Central¨
   Africa.
o  strong musky perfume obtained from it.

< French < Arabic
\civility
n. politeness.
\clairvoyance
n. supposed faculty of perceiving the future or¨
   things beyond normal sensory perception.¨

clairvoyant n. and adj.

< French, cf. clear, voir see
\clamber
v. climb laboriously using hands and feet.

n. difficult climb.

< climb
\clamour
n. loud or vehement shouting or noise.
\clandestine
[kl&n'destin] adj. surreptitious, secret.

< Latin
\clap
v.
o  to strike (the palms of the hands) together with¨
   an abrupt loud sound.
o  to come together suddenly with a sharp noise.
o  to tap with the open hand, as in greeting.
o  to put or send promptly or suddenly (clapped him¨
   in jail).

n.
o  the act or sound of clapping the hands.
o  a sudden very loud noise.
o  gonorrhea
\claque
[kl&k] n.
o  a group of people hired to applaud.
o  a group of fawning admirers.

< French claquer to clap, of imitative origin
\claret
n.
o  red wine, esp. from Bordeaux.
o  purplish-red.

< French, cf. "clarify"
\clarinet
n. woodwind instrument with a single reed.
\class-struggle
pj. tŅÉdnÉ boj.
\clatter
n. sound as of hard objects struck together.
\claw back
v. regain laboriously or gradually.
\clay
n.
o  stiff sticky earth, used for making bricks,¨
   pottery, etc.
o  poet. substance of the human body.

clayey adj.

< Old English
\clear-cut
adj.
\cleave
cleave1 v. literary (cleave-clove-cloven or¨
   cleave-cleft-cleft or cleave-cleaved-cleaved)
o  chop or break apart;  split, esp. along the grain¨
   or line of cleavage.
o  make one s way through (air or water).

< Old English

cleave2 v. literary (foll. by to) stick fast; adhere.

< Old English
\clement
adj. mild;  merciful.
\clerk
n. a person employed to keep records, accounts etc.
\clich×
['kli:Óei] n.
o  a hackneyed phrase or opinion.
o  a metal casting of a stereotype or electrotype.

clich×d adj. (also clich×'d).

< French
\client
pj.
o  zĮkaznÉk, klient.
o  poĆÉtaĆe zĮkaznickŁ poĆÉtaĆ (ZP), klient.
\climax
['klaim&ks] n.
o  event or point of greatest intensity or interest;¨
   culmination.
o  orgasm.

v. colloq. reach or bring to a climax.

climactic [-'m&ktik] adj.

< Greek, = ladder
\clime
[klaim] n. literary
o  region.
o  climate.

< Latin, cf. "climate"
\clinch
v. confirm or settle.
\clinic
n.
o  private or specialised hospital.
o  place or occasion for giving medical treatment or¨
   specialist advice.
o  gathering at a hospital bedside for medical¨
   teaching.

< Greek klin× bed
\clique
[kli:k, klik] n. a small, exclusive group of friends¨
   or associates.

< French
\cloak
n. kind of coat.
\clobber
v. hit;  beat up.
\clock-face
pj. ĆÉselnÉk, stupnice, cifernÉk.
\clod
n. lump of earth, clay, etc.
\cloister
n.
o  covered walk round a quadrangle, esp. in a college¨
   or ecclesiastical building.
o  monastic life or seclusion.

v. seclude.

cloistered adj.  cloistral adj.

cloister pj.
o  klĮÓter.
o  (obv. mnĆ.) kŅÉŚovĮ chodba, ambit.

pŅj. klĮÓternÉ.

< Latin claustrum, cf. close
\close
close1 [klous] adj.

close2 [klouz] v.
\clout
n.
o  heavy blow.
o  power or influence, esp. in politics.
\clove
n. dried bud of a tropical plant used as a spice.

pj. hŅebÉĆek.
\clover
[kl%uve(r)] pj. jetel.
\cloy
v. satiate or sicken with sweetness, richness, etc.¨

< obsolete acloy < Anglo-French, cf. enclave
\cluck
n. the low, short, throaty sound made by a brooding¨
   hen.
\clump
n. cluster or mass, esp. of trees.
\clutch
v. grasp.
\coagulate
v.
o  to change from a fluid to a semisolid.
o  clot, curdle.
\coalesce
v. to come together and form a whole.
\coax
v. to persuade gradually or by flattery.
\cob
n. a roundish lump.
\cobble
cobble1 ['kob(%)l] n. (in full cobble-stone) small¨
   rounded stone used for paving.

v. pave with cobbles.

< cob

cobble2 ['kob(%)l] v.
o  mend or patch up (esp. shoes).
o  (often foll. by together) join or assemble¨
   roughly.

< cobbler
\cobbler
n. man who mends shoes professionally.
\COBE
n. Cosmic Background Explorer (a NASA programme).
\cobweb
n.
o  fine network spun by a spider from liquid it¨
   secretes.
o  thread of this.

cobwebby adj.

< obsolete coppe spider
\cochineal
n. scarlet dye used especially for colouring food.
\cock
v. raise or make upright or erect.
\cockchafer
n. any of certain scarab beetles, esp. the European¨
   species Melolontha melolontha which is destructive¨
   to forest trees.
\cockney
n.
o  native of London, esp. of the East End.
o  dialect or accent used there.
\cocky
adj. conceited;  arrogant.
\cocoa
n. powder made from crushed cacao seeds.
\cod
pj. treska.
\coda
n.
o  Mus. final additional passage of a piece or¨
   movement.
o  concluding section of a ballet.

< Latin cauda tail
\coeval
adj. existing at the same time.
\coffer
n.
o  a strongbox.
o  (in pl.) financial resources;  funds.
\cogent
adj. (of an argument etc.) compelling.

< Latin cogo drive
\cognate
adj.
o  related to or descended from a common ancestor.
o  (of a word) having the same linguistic family or¨
   derivation.

n.
o  relative.
o  cognate word.

< Latin cognatus
\cognisant
adj. (also cognizant) (usually foll. by of) aware;¨
   having knowledge.
\cognoscente
n.

< Italian
\cohesion
pj.
o  soudrŚnost, kohese.
o  pŅilnavost.
\coiffure
n. hairstyle.

< French
\coil
v.
o  arrange or be arranged in spirals or concentric¨
   rings.
o  move sinuously.

n.
o  coiled arrangement.
o  coiled length of rope etc.
o  single turn of something coiled.
o  flexible loop as a contraceptive device in the¨
   womb.
o  coiled wire for the passage of an electric current¨
   and acting as an inductor.
o  fuss;  noise.

< Latin, cf. "collect"
\coinage
n. invention, esp. of a word.
\cold cuts
n. pl. slices of assorted cold meats.
\coleslaw
['k%ul,slo:] n. a salad of shredded cabbage,¨
   mayonnaise, carrots, onions, etc.

< Dutch koolsla < koolsalade, literally "cabbage¨
   salad"
\colic
['kolik] n. severe spasmodic abdominal pain.

colicky adj.

< Latin, cf. "colon"
\collage
['kola:Ś] n. form or work of art in which various¨
   materials are fixed to a backing.

< French, = gluing
\collapse
v.
\collate
v. to examine and compare (texts) carefully.
\collateral
n. security pledged as a guarantee for the repayment¨
   of a loan.
\collegial
[k%'li:dŚi%l] adj.
o  collegiate.
o  (of colleagues) sharing responsibility in a group¨
   endeavour.

< Latin
\colliery
n. coalmine and its buildings.
\colligate
v. to bind or fasten together.
\collocation
n. a grouping together of things in a certain order,¨
   as of the words in a sentence.
\colloquium
[k%'l%ukwi%m] n. (-s or -quia) academic conference or¨
   seminar.

< Latin, cf. colloquy
\collosal
adj.
\colon
['k%ul%n] n. (pl. -s or cola) the part of the large¨
   intestine between the caecum and the rectum.

< Latin large intestine < Greek kolon
\colonnade
[,kol%'neid] n.
o  a set of evenly-spaced columns, often with¨
   a stylobate, pavement and roof.
o  a row of regularly spaced trees.

colonnaded adj.

< French colonne column < Italian colonnato < colonna¨
   column]
\colophon
n.
o  publisher's imprint, esp. on the title-page.
o  tail-piece in a manuscript or book, giving the¨
   writer's or printer's name, date, etc.

< Greek, = summit
\coloration
n. act or mode of colouring.
\colostomy
n. operation on the colon to make an opening in the¨
   abdominal wall to provide an artificial anus.
\colt
n. young male horse.
\coma
['k%um%] n. (pl. -s) prolonged deep unconsciousness.

comatose ['k%um%,t%us] adj.
o  in a coma.
o  drowsy, sleepy.

< Latin < Greek
\combat
['komb&t] n.

[kom'b&t or 'komb&t] v. (-t-)
\combatant
n. a person engaged in fighting.

adj.
o  fighting.
o  for fighting.
\combative
adj. pugnacious.
\come
v.

come out emerge.
\comely
adj. literary handsome, good-looking.

comeliness n.

< Old English
\commend
[k%'mend] v.
o  commit to one's care.
o  recommend.
o  praise.

commendable adj.
commendably adv.
commendation n.
\commendam
pj. komenda.
\comment
['koment] n. and v.

pj. poznĮmka, koment.

< Latin
\commiserate
v. express or feel sympathy.
\commit
[k%'mit] v. (-tt-)
o  do or make (a crime, blunder, etc.).
o  (usu. foll. by to) entrust or consign for safe¨
   keeping or treatment.
o  send (a person) to prison.
o  pledge or bind (esp. oneself) to a certain course¨
   or policy.

(as committed adj.) (often foll. by to)
o  dedicated.
o  obliged.

commit to memory memorise.
commit to paper write down.

< Latin committo -miss-
\commitment
n. engagement or obligation.
\committal
n. an act of committing, esp. to prison.
\committee
n.
\commode
n. chest of drawers.
\common-law
n. unwritten law based on custom and precedent.¨

pj. zvykov× prĮvo.
\commonsense
adj. US common-sense, common-sensical.
\commonsensical
adj.
o  of common sense.
o  of Common-Sense Philosophy.
\commonweal
n. (also common weal)
o  the common welfare;  the public good.
o  archaic the body politic;  a commonwealth.¨

< 1350-1400
\communicative
adj. ready to talk and impart information.
\communion
n.
o  (Communion or Holy Communion) Eucharist.
o  body or group within the Christian faith (the¨
   Methodist communion).
\communiqu×
n. an official communication.
\compact
['komp&kt] n. agreement, contract.

< Latin, cf. pact
\compass
['kamp%s] n. area, extent;  scope;  range.

< Latin passus pace
\compendium
n. (pl. compendia or compendiums)
o  a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of¨
   knowledge;  abstract.
o  a list of a number of items.
o  collection, compilation.

< ML < L saving, shortcut < compendere to weigh¨
   together < com- + pendere to weigh, cf. pendant
\competent
pŅj.
o  pŅÉsluÓnŁ, kompetentnÉ.
o  schopnŁ, kvalifikovanŁ, ÓikovnŁ.
\complacent
adj. smugly self-satisfied or contented.
\complainant
n. plaintiff in certain lawsuits.
\complaisant
adj.
o  deferential.
o  willing to please.
\complement
['komplim%nt] n. a thing that completes.

['kompliment] v. to complete.

< Latin compleo fill up
\complementary colour
n.
o  one of a pair of colours opposed to the other¨
   member of the pair on a schematic chart or scale,¨
   as green opposed to red, that when mixed tend to¨
   neutralise each other.
o  secondary colour.

< 1820-30
\complex
['kompleks] n.

< Latin complexus
\compliant
adj. yielding to others.
\complicit
adj. associated with or participating in¨
   a questionable act or a crime;  having complicity.
\complicity
n. partnership in wrongdoing.
\compliment
['komplim%nt] n.

['kompliment] v.
\comport
[k%m'po:t] v. refl. literary conduct oneself; behave.

comport with suit, befit.

comportment n.

< Latin porto carry
\composition
pj.
o  sloŚenÉ.
o  skladba, komposice.
o  pÉsemnĮ prĮce.
\compositor
[k%m'pozit%(r)] n. a person who sets up type for¨
   printing.

< Latin, cf. "compose"
\compote
['komp%ut] pj. kompot.
\compound
['kompaund] n. and adj.

[k%m'paund] v. to mix together.

n. enclosure or fenced-in space.
\comprise
v.
o  include.
o  consist of.
o  make up, compose.

Usage:  The use of this word in sense 3 is considered¨
   incorrect and compose is generally preferred.

< French, "comprehend"
\compromise
[-maiz] n.
\comrade
['komreid] n. companion.
\con
v. swindle, deceive.
\conation
n. the aspect of mental life having to do with¨
   purposive behaviour, including desiring,¨
   resolving, and striving.

conative adj.

< 1605-15;  < Latin cĻnĮtiĻ an effort = cĻnĮ(rÉ) to¨
   try + -tiĻ -tion
\concatenation
n. connecting;  making a chain.
\concede
v.
o  to admit as true or real;  acknowledge.
o  admit defeat in.
\conceit
n.
o  vanity.
o  an elaborate and extended metaphor (the conceits¨
   of the metaphysical poets).
\conceive
v. (often foll. by of) imagine, think.

s. pojmout, koncipovat.
\concerto
pj. koncert pro sĻlovŁ nĮstroj (druh skladby).
\concession
n. acknowledgement, admission.
\concierge
[,konsi'erŚ] n. (esp. in France) door-keeper or¨
   porter of a block of flats etc.
\concoct
v.
o  make by mixing ingredients.
o  invent (a story, lie etc.).
\concomitant
[k%n'komit(%)nt] adj. (often foll. by with)¨
   accompanying;  occurring together.

n. accompanying thing.

concomitance n.

< Latin comes comit- companion
\concordance
n.
o  agreement.
o  alphabetical index of words used in a book or by¨
   an author.

< medieval Latin concord
\concourse
n. crowd, gathering.
\concrete
['ko@kri:t]
\concupiscence
n. formal lust.
\concur
v. (-rr-)
o  (often foll. by with) have the same opinion.
o  coincide.

< Latin curro run
\condemn
s. odsoudit.

condemnation pj. odsouzenÉ.
\condescend
v. think fit, deign.
\condign
adj. severe.
\condiment
n. seasoning or relish for food.

< Latin condio pickle
\condole
v. (followed by with) express sympathy with a person¨
   over a loss etc.
\condominium
n. (pl. -ums)
o  joint rule or sovereignty.
o  a country ruled by two or more foreign powers.
o  N.A. an apartment building in which each apartment¨
   is individually wholly owned and the common areas¨
   are jointly owned.
o  the title under which an apartment in such¨
   a building is owned;  sometimes shortened to¨
   condo.  Cf. cooperative apartment.

< New Latin < Latin com- together dominium ownership;¨
   cf. dominion
\condone
[k%n'doun] v. forgive or overlook (an offence or¨
   wrongdoing).

< Latin dono give
\conducive
adj. contributing or helping towards something.
\conduit
n.
o  a channel or pipe for conveying fluids.
o  a tube or duct for enclosing electric wires or¨
   cable.
\confectioner
n. maker or retailer of confectionary.
\confidant
['konfi,d&nt] n. (fem. confidante pronunc. same)¨
   person trusted with knowledge of one's private¨
   affairs.

< cf. "confide"
\confident
adj. assured.
\confirmation
[,konf%'meiÓ(%)n] n. a rite confirming a baptized¨
   person as a member of the Christian Church.
\conflate
[k%n'fleit] v. blend or fuse together (esp. two¨
   variant texts into one).

< Latin flo flat- blow
\confluence
['konflu%ns] n.
o  place where two rivers meet.
o  coming together.
o  crowd of people.

< Latin fluo flow
\conform
v.
o  comply with rules or general custom.
o  (foll. by to, with) comply with;  be in accordance¨
   with.
o  (often foll. by to) be or make suitable.

< Latin, cf. "form"
\confound
v. confuse (in one's mind).
\confrontation
[,konfran'teiÓ(%)n]
\confuse
s.
o  zmĮst.
o  spl×st, popl×st.
\confute
v. to prove to be wrong or false;  refute.
\congeal
[k%n'dŚi:l] v.
o  make or become semi-solid by cooling.
o  (of blood etc.) coagulate.

congelation [,kondŚi'leiÓ(%)n] n.

< French < Latin gelo freeze
\congenial
[k%n'dŚi:ni%l] adj.
o  (often followed by with, to) pleasant because¨
   like-minded.
o  (often followed by to) suited or agreeable.

congeniality n.  congenially adv.

< from com-, genial
\congeries
[k%n'dŚi%ri:z] n. (pl. same) disorderly collection;¨
   mass, heap.

Note:  The form congery, formed under the¨
   misapprehension that congeries is plural only, is¨
   incorrect.

< Latin congero heap together
\congest
v. accumulate abnormally.
\Congo
n.

Congolese adj.
\congruent
adj. suitable, agreeing.
\conjugal
['kondŚug(%)l] adj. of marriage or the relationship¨
   of man and wife.

< Latin conjux consort
\Connecticut
[ko'netik%t] n. a state and a river in the US.
\connexion
n. Brit. var. of "connection".
\connive
[k%'naiv] v.
o  (foll. by at) disregard or tacitly consent to¨
   (a wrongdoing).
o  (usu. foll. by with) conspire.

connivance n.

< Latin conniveo shut the eyes
\connoisseur
n. (often foll. by of, in) expert judge in matters of¨
   taste.

< French connaitre know
\connotation
n. a secondary meaning suggested by a word in¨
   addition to its literal meaning.

connotative adj.  connotatively adv.
\connotative
--> connotation
\consanguineous
adj. descended from the same ancestor.
\conscientious
adj. diligent and scrupulous.

conscientiously adv.  conscientiousness n.

< medieval Latin, cf. conscience
\consecrate
v. to make or declare sacred.
\consent
[k%n'sent] v. and n. express willingness etc.
\consequent
['kon-] adj.
\conservation agent
pj. uchovĮvacÉ prostŅedek, konservaĆnÉ lĮtka.
\conserve
[k%n's%:v] v. keep from harm or damage, esp. for¨
   later use.

['kons%:v] n. fresh fruit jam.

< Latin servo keep
\console
v. comfort, esp. in grief or disappointment.
\consort
consort1 ['konso:t] n. wife or husband, esp. of¨
   royalty.

[k%n'so:t] v.
o  (usu. foll. by with, together) keep company.
o  harmonize.

< Latin, cf. "sort"

consort2 ['konso:t] n. Mus. small group of players,¨
   singers, or instruments.

< var. of "concert"
\conspectus
n.
o  a general or comprehensive view;  survey.
o  a digest;  summary;  r×sum×.
\conspicuous
adj.
o  clearly visible, obvious;  attracting notice.
o  prominent;  noteworthy, remarkable.

conspicuously adv.

< Latin specio look
\conspiracy
[k%n'spirasi] n.
o  secret plan to commit a crime;  plot.
o  conspiring.

< Latin, cf. "conspire"
\Constantinople
[konstant'nop%l] former name of Instanbul.
\consternation
n. anxiety, dismay.

pj. ÕŚas, zdÅÓenÉ, ohromenÉ, konsternace.

< Latin sterno throw down
\constipation
n. difficulty in emptying the bowels.
\constituent
adj.
\constitute
v.
\constitutive
adj.
\construe
[kon'stru:] v. interpret.
\consumerism
pj. spotŅebitelstvÉ, konsumismus, konsumerismus.
\consummate
v. complete (a marriage) by sexual intercourse.

adj.
o  perfect.
o  complete;  utter.
\consummation
n.
\contemporary
pŅj.
o  soudobŁ.
o  souĆasnŁ.
\contend
v.
o  (usu. foll. by with) fight, argue.
o  compete.
o  assert, maintain.

contender n.

< Latin, cf. "tend"
\contented
adj. showing or feeling content.
\contention
n.
o  dispute or argument;  rivalry.
o  point contended for in an argument.

< Latin, cf. contend
\contentious
[kon'tenÓ%s] adj. likely to cause an argument.

Synonym:  controversial, polemical.
\context
pj. souvislost.
\contiguous
[k%n'tigju%s] adj. (usu. foll. by with, to) touching;¨
   in contact.

contiguity [,konti'gju:iti] n.

< Latin, "contact"
\continent
continent1 ['kontin%nt] n.
o  any of the main continuous expanses of land¨
   (Europe, Asia, Africa, N. and S. America,¨
   Australia, Antarctica).
o  (the Continent) mainland of Europe as distinct¨
   from the British Isles.

< Latin, cf. "contain"

continent2 ['kontin%nt] adj.
o  able to control one's bowels and bladder.
o  exercising self-restraint, esp. sexually.

continence n.

< Latin, cf. "contain"
\contingent
adj. accidental, arbitrary.
\contour line
n. line on a map joining points of equal altitude.
\contrast
['kontra:st] n. juxtaposition or comparison showing¨
   differences.

[k%n'tra:st] v.

< Italian < Latin sto stand
\contravene
v. infringe (a law etc.).
\contribute
v.
\contrite
['kontrait] adj. penitent, repentant, feeling great¨
   guilt.

contritely adv.  contrition n.

< Latin, cf. "trite"
\contrivance
n.
o  scheme, plan.
o  mechanical device.
\contrive
v.
o  devise;  plan or make resourcefully or with skill.
o  (often foll. by to + infin.) manage.

< French < Latin
\controversial
[,kontr%'v%:Ó%] adj. causing or subject to¨
   controversy.
\controvert
v. dispute, deny.
\contumacious
adj. stubbornly disobedient or rebellious;¨
   insubordinate.
\conundrum
[k%'nandr%m] n.
o  riddle, esp. one with a pun in its answer.
o  hard question.

< origin unknown
\converge
[k%n'v%:dŚ] v. come together.
\converse
converse1 [kon'v%:s] v. (often foll. by with) talk.

< Latin, cf. "convert"

converse2 ['konv%:s or kon'v%-] adj. opposite,¨
   contrary, reversed.

n. something, esp. a statement or proposition, that¨
   is opposite or reversed.

conversely adv.

< Latin, cf. "convert"
\conversion
[k%n'v%:Ó(%)n] n.
o  converting or being converted.
o  converted building or part of this.

< Latin, cf. "convert"
\convex
adj. curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere.
\conveyance
n. law transfer of property.
\conviction
n.
o  being convicted.
o  being convinced.
\convoluted
adj.
o  coiled;  twisted.
o  intricate;  complicated.
\convolvulus
n. twining plant, esp. bindweed.

pj. svlaĆec.

< Latin
\coo
n. soft murmuring sound as of a dove.
\coomb
n. valley on the side of a hill etc.
\coop
n. a cage for keeping poultry.

v. (often foll. by up, in) confine (a person).

pj. kurnÉk, vŁbÅh.

< Latin cupa cask
\co-op
[kou'op] n. colloq. cooperative society or shop.¨

< abbreviation
\cooperate
v. to work with another toward a common end.

cooperation n.  cooperator n.
\coordinate
v. (also co-ordinate)
\cop
slang n.
o  policeman.
o  capture or arrest (it's a fair cop).

v. (-pp-)
o  catch or arrest (an offender).
o  receive, suffer.
o  take, seize.

cop it get into trouble;  be punished.
not much cop of little value or use.

cop out
o  withdraw;  give up.
o  go back on a promise.
o  slang fail to assume responsibility or to commit¨
   oneself.

< French caper seize
\copeck
n. a Russian coin.

< 1690-1700;  kopÅ lance + -ka, so called because the¨
   figure on the original coin was armed with a lance
\coping
n. top (usu. sloping) course of masonry in a wall.

< cope
\copious
adj.
o  abundant.
o  producing much.
\copout
--> cop
--> cop-out
\cop-out
n.
o  cowardly evasion.
o  instance of avoiding responsibility or commitment.
o  a person who acts in this way.
\copper beech
n. a variety of beech with copper-coloured leaves.
\copperhead
n. a venomous reddish-brown snake of eastern US.
\coppice
['kopis] n. area of undergrowth and small trees.

< medieval Latin, cf. coup
\coprophilia
n. an obsessive interest in feces.
\copse
n. = coppice
\copula
n.
o  establishes the connection between subject and¨
   complement.
o  establishes the connection between subject and¨
   predicate.

pj. kopule.
\cordon sanitaire
n. French guarded line between infected and¨
   uninfected districts.
\cordwood
n. wood stacked in cords for use as a fuel.
\corium
n.
o  dermis.
o  nuclear technology the hardened remains of¨
   a lavalike amalgam of radioactive material.
\cornice
n. ornamental moulding, esp. round a room just below¨
   the ceiling or as the topmost part of an¨
   entablature.

pj.
o  ŅÉmsa.
o  pŅevis (snÅhovŁ).

< French < Italian
\cornucopia
n. a horn overflowing with flowers, fruit, and corn,¨
   as a symbol of plenty.
\corny
adj. slang trite, outdated, or mawkish.
\corollary
[k%'rol%ri] n. a proposition that follows from one¨
   already proved.
\corona
n. (pl. -s or -e) a faintly coloured luminous ring¨
   around a celestial body visible through a haze or¨
   thin cloud.
\corpus
o  collection of writings.
o  collection of utterances, as spoken or written¨
   sentences, taken as a representative sample of¨
   a given language or dialect and used for¨
   linguistic analysis.

< Latin
\corral
n. an enclosure for animals.
\correlate
v. and n.
\correlative
adj.
o  (often foll. by with, to) having a mutual¨
   relation.
o  (of words) corresponding to each other and used¨
   together (as neither and nor).
\correspondence
n.

correspondence theory of truth korespondenĆnÉ teorie¨
   pravdy.
\corrigible
['ko-] adj.
\corroborate
v. to confirm or give support to.
\corsair
n.
o  pirate ship.
o  pirate.

< French, cf. "course"
\cortege
n. procession, esp. for a funeral.

< French
\cosmetic
n. beautifying preparation, esp. for the face.

< Greek, = ornament
\cosmogony
n.
o  the origin of the universe.
o  a theory about this.
\cosmology
[koz'molodŚi] n. a science or theory of the universe.

cosmological adj.  cosmologist n.
\cosmos
['kozmos] n. the universe as a well-ordered whole.

< Greek
\costermonger
['kost%,ma@g%(r)] n. man who sells produce from¨
   a barrow.

< costard large apple, cf. "costal"
\costume
['kostju:m] n.
\cot
n. a small bed with high sides for a baby.
\cote
cote1 [kout] n.
o  a coop or shed for sheep, pigs, pigeons, etc.
o  Brit. dial. cottage.

< bef. 1050;  Middle English, Old English cote (fem.¨
   cot)

cote2
[kout] vt. obs. to pass by;  outstrip;  surpass.

< 1565-75;  orig. uncert.
\coterie
['kouter%] n. exclusive group of people sharing¨
   interests.

< French
\couch
[kauĆ] n. an upholstered piece of furniture for¨
   several people;  sofa.

< Latin colloco lay in place
\counsel
['kauns%l] n.
o  advice.
o  plan of action.
o  deliberation together.
o  (pl. same) legal adviser.

v.
o  advise, recommend.
o  consult.
\counsellor
n. adviser.
\count
n. in some European countries, a nobleman whose rank¨
   corresponds to that of an English earl.
\countenance
n.
o  the face or facial expression.
o  composure.
o  moral support.

v. support, approve.

< French, cf. contain
\counter
v.
o  oppose, contradict.
o  meet by countermove.
\counterargument
n.
\counterintuitive
adj. contrary to what one would intuitively expect.
\counterpane
n. a bedspread.
\counterpoise
n.
o  a counterbalancing weight.
o  a force or influence that balances or counteracts¨
   another.
o  the state of being balanced or in equilibrium.

v. counterbalance.

< Latin pensum weight
\countervail
v. counterbalance.
\countryside
n. rural areas.
\coup
[ku:] n. a successful stroke or move.
\courier
['ku%ri%] n.
o  a special messenger, esp. one carrying diplomatic¨
   correspondence.
o  a person who makes arrangements for or accompanies¨
   a group of travellers on a journey or tour.

pj. kurŁr, posel;  poslÉĆek.

< Old French courrier < Old Latin corriere < correre¨
   to run < Latin currere
\course
[ko:s] n.

< Latin cursus
\courser
n. poet. swift horse.
\courteous
['ko:ti%s] adj. polite, considerate.

courteously adv.  courteousness n.

< French, cf. court
\courtesy
['ko:t%si] n.
o  courteous behaviour;  politeness.
o  favour courteously performed.
\cove
[kouv] n.
o  mÅlkĮ zĮtoka.
o  am. soutÅska.
o  zĮkoutÉ.
\covenant
['kav%n%nt] n.
o  agreement;  contract.
o  law sealed contract, esp. a deed of covenant.
o  (Covenant) Bibl. agreement between God and the¨
   Israelites.

v. agree, esp. by legal covenant.

< French, cf. "convene"
\cover
n.
o  a book's binding.
o  either board of the book's binding.

< Latin cooperio
\coverlet
['kav%lit] n. bedspread.

< Anglo-French cover + lit bed
\covert
['kav%t] adj. secret or disguised (covert glance).

n.
o  shelter, esp. a thicket hiding game.
o  feather covering the base of a bird's¨
   flight-feather.

covertly adv.

< French, cf. "cover"
\covet
['kavit] v. (-t-) desire greatly (esp. a thing¨
   belonging to another person).

< French, cf. Cupid
\covetousness
n. great desire.
\cow
v. intimidate or dispirit.

< Old Norse
\coward
n.

cowardice n.
\cower
v. to crouch or shrink back in fear or distress.

< Low German
\cowl
[kaul] n.
o  monk's cloak.
o  hood-shaped covering of a chimney or ventilating¨
   shaft.

pj.
o  kutna.
o  kĮpÅ, kukla.

< Latin cucullus
\coxcomb
n. ostentatiously conceited man.

coxcombry n.

< = cock's comb
\coxswain
n. one who steers a boat or racing shell.
\coy
adj.
o  affectedly shy.
o  irritatingly reticent.

coyly adv.  coyness n.

< French, "quiet"
\cozen
v. literary
o  cheat, defraud.
o  beguile.
o  act deceitfully.

cozenage n.

< cant
\CP/M
abbr. Control Program for Microprocessors, the¨
   predecessor of DOS.
\crabbed
['kr&bid] adj.
o  crabby, irritable, morose.
o  (of handwriting) ill-formed;  illegible.

< crab
\crag
n. steeply projecting rock mass.

craggy adj.
\cram
v. fill to bursting;  stuff.

< Old English
\crammer
n. person or institution that prepares pupils for¨
   examination.
\cramp
n.
o  a painful involuntary muscle contraction.
o  a metal bar with bent ends for holding masonry¨
   etc. together.
\cranberry
pj. brusinka.
\cranky
adj. eccentric.
\crap
coarse slang n.
o  (often as interjection or attrib.) nonsense,¨
   rubbish.
o  faeces.

v. (-pp-) defecate.

crappy adj.

< Dutch
\crape
n. crepe, usu. of black silk, formerly used for¨
   mourning.

< crepe
\crass
adj. crude and undiscriminating;ž coarse.

crassly adv.  crassness n.
\crate
n. an often slatted wooden container.
\crater
['kreit%(r)] n. the mouth of a volcano.
\cravat
[kr%'v&t] n. man's scarf worn inside an open-necked¨
   shirt.

< Serbo-Croatian, = Croat
\crave
v. long or beg for.
\craven
adj. cowardly.

craven n.
\crease
[kri:s] pj.
o  puk.
o  pomaĆkĮnÉ.

sp. i sn.
o  z-, maĆkat (se) (badly creased hroznÅ zmaĆkanŁ).
o  naŚehlit (well creased naŚehlenŁ).
\Crecy
[kreisi]
\credence
['kri:d(%)ns] n.
\credit
pj. ÕĆetnictvÉ dobropis, "dal" (pravĮ strĮnka¨
   v ÕĆetnÉch zĮznamech).
\credit card
pj. ÕvÅrovĮ karta.
\credulous
adj. too ready to believe;  gullible.

credulity n.  credulously adv.

Usage:  Credulous is sometimes confused with¨
   credible.

< Latin, cf. "credo"
\creed
n.
o  a set of principles or beliefs.
o  a system of religious belief.
o  (often the creed) a formal summary of Christian¨
   doctrine.

< Latin, cf. "credo"
\crenel
['kren%l] n. (also crenelle [kri'nel]) any of the¨
   open spaces between the merlons of a battlement.
\crepe
n. fine gauzy wrinkled fabric.
\crepitate
v. crackle.
\crescendo
n. a gradual increase in the volume of sound.
\crest
[krest] n. top of a mountain, wave, roof etc.

< Latin crista
\crestfallen
adj. dejected, dispirited.
\crew
n. a group of people working together.
\crib
n.
o  informal a petty theft, as of another's work;¨
   plagiarism.
o  informal a translation or synopsis consulted¨
   dishonestly by students during an examination.

v. to use a crib in examinations.

cribber n.

pj. tahĮk.
\cringe
v. shrink in fear.
\crinkle
v. wrinkle or crease.
\criterion
n. (pl. criteria)
o  a reference point against which other things can¨
   be evaluated.
o  standard.
\criticise
\crockery
n. earthenware.
\Croesus
n.
o  the last king of ancient Lydia, died 546 B.C.
o  any very rich man.
\Cro-Magnon
n. upper palaeolithic population of humans regarded¨
   as the prototype of modern Homo sapiens in Europe.

< a cave in France
\crony
['kr%uni] n. friend, companion.

< Greek khronios long-lasting
\croon
[kru:n] v.
o  to sing or speak in a soft low tone.
o  Scot. and northern English dialect to lament or¨
   wail.

< Middle Dutch
\croquet
['kr%ukei] n. lawn game in which wooden balls are¨
   driven through hoops with mallets.
\cross
adj. showing ill humour;  annoyed.
\crossbow
['krosbou] n. bow fixed on a wooden stock, with¨
   a groove for an arrow.

pj. kuÓe, samostŅÉl.
\crotchet
n.
o  Music a note having the time value of a quarter of¨
   a semibreve.  Usual U.S. and Canadian name:¨
   quarter note.
o  a small hook or hooklike device.
o  a perverse notion.
o  Zoology a small notched or hooked process, as in¨
   an insect.

< Old French crochet, literally "little hook" <¨
   croche hook, cf. "crocket"
\crouch
v. lower the body with limbs close to the chest.
\crow
crow1 [kr%u] n.
o  large black bird with a powerful black beak.
o  similar bird, e.g. the raven, rook, and jackdaw.

as the crow flies in a straight line.

< Old English

crow2 [kr%u] v.
o  (past crowed or crew) (of a cock) utter a loud¨
   cry.
o  (of a baby) utter happy cries.
o  (usu. foll. by over) gloat;  show glee.

n. cry of a cock or baby.

< Old English
\crowd
n. multitude.
\crow's foot
n. wrinkle near the eye.
\cruces
pl. of "crux"
\crucible
n.
o  melting pot for metals.
o  severe test.
\cruise control
pj. tempomat.
\cruller
n. a twisted doughnut.
\crumble
v. break into small fragments.
\crummy
['krami] adj. (also crumby) slang
o  miserable, wretched.
o  shabby, cheap.
\crumpet
n. soft, muffinlike bread cooked on a griddle.
\crumple
v.
o  (often foll. by up) crush or become crushed into¨
   creases or wrinkles.
o  (often foll. by up) to collapse or cause to¨
   collapse (his courage crumpled)
o  to shrink;  shrivel.

n. a loose crease or wrinkle.

crumply adj.

< obsolete crump to bend, cf. Old High German¨
   krimpfan to wrinkle, Old Norse kreppa to contract

\crunch
n. colloq. a decisive event or moment.
\crupper
n.
o  strap looped under a horse's tail to hold the¨
   harness back.
o  hindquarters of a horse.

< French, cf. "croup"
\crusade
n.

crusader n.
\crust
n. peel, bark.
\crutch
n. usually T-shaped support for a lame person fitting¨
   under the armpit.
\crux
n. a decisive point at issue.
\crypt
n. vault, esp. beneath a church, used usu. as¨
   a burial place.

< Latin crypta hidden
\crystalline
adj. of, like, or clear as crystal.
\CS
abbr. tear gas used to control riots etc.
\CTC
phil. Computational Theory of Cognition.
\cub
n.
o  young of a fox, bear, lion, etc.
o  Cub Scout junior Scout.
o  colloq. young newspaper reporter.
\cubicle
n. small room partitioned in a large area.

< Latin cubiculum, = bedroom
\cubit
n. an ancient unit of linear measure based on the¨
   length of the forearm (approx. 17 to 22 inches);¨
   cf. ell.

pj. loket.

< Latin cubitum elbow
\cuckold
n. husband of an adulteress.

v. make a cuckold of.

cuckoldry n.

< French
\cuddle
n.
o  to hug tenderly.
o  to nestle;  snuggle.

cuddly adj.
\cudgel
n. short thick stick used as a weapon.
\cuff
cuff1 n.
o  end part of a sleeve.
o  US trouser turn-up.
o  (in pl.) colloq. handcuffs.

off the cuff colloq. without preparation, extempore.

< origin unknown

cuff2 v. strike with an open hand.

n. such a blow.

< perhaps imitative
\cul-de-sac
n. (pl. culs-de-sac pronunc. same, or cul-de-sacs)
o  road etc. with a dead end.
o  futile course.

< French, = sack-bottom
\cull
[kal] v.
o  select or gather (knowledge culled from books).
o  gather (flowers etc.).
o  select (animals), esp. for killing.
o  reduce the population of (an animal) by selective¨
   slaughter.

n.
o  culling or being culled.
o  animal(s) culled.

< French, cf. "collect"
\culpable
adj. deserving blame.
\culprit
n. guilty person.
\cumber
vt.
o  hinder;  hamper.
o  overload;  burden.
o  inconvenience;  trouble.

n.
o  hindrance.
o  something that cumbers.
o  archaic embarrassment;  trouble.

cumberer n.  cumberment n.
\cumbersome
adj. (also cumbrous) inconveniently bulky etc.;¨
   unwieldy.

< cumber hinder
\cumbrous
adj. inconveniently bulky.
\cunnilingus
n. oral stimulation of the female genitals.

< Latin
\cunning
adj. deceitful, clever or crafty.
\cup
n.

one's cup of tea colloq. what interests or suits one.
\cupidity
n. greed;  avarice.

< Latin Cupid
\cur
n.
o  mangy ill-tempered dog.
o  contemptible person.

< perhaps Old Norse kurr grumbling
\curate
n. assistant to a parish priest.

< medieval Latin curatus cure
\curative
['kju%r%tiv] adj. able to cure.
\curator
n. keeper or custodian of a museum etc.
\curb
n.
o  check, restraint.
o  strap etc. passing under a horse's lower jaw, used¨
   as a check.
o  enclosing border, e.g. the frame round a well or¨
   a fender round a hearth.
o  = kerb.

v.
o  restrain.
o  put a curb on (a horse).

< French, cf. "curve"
\curd
n. (often in pl.) coagulated acidic milk product made¨
   into cheese or eaten as food.

pj. tvaroh, sraŚen× ml×ko.

< origin unknown
\curie
n. unit of radioactivity.
\curriculum
n. outline of subjects included in a course of study.

< Latin, = course
\curry
curry1 ['kari] n. meat, vegetables, etc., cooked in¨
   a spicy sauce, usu. served with rice.

v. prepare or flavour with a curry sauce.

< Tamil

curry2 ['kari] v.
o  groom (a horse) with a curry-comb.
o  treat (tanned leather) to improve it.

curry favour (foll. by with) ingratiate oneself.

< Germanic, cf. ready
\curt
adj. noticeably or rudely brief.

curtly adv.  curtness n.

< Latin curtus short
\curtail
v. to cut short, reduce, abridge.
\curtsy
n. a woman s respectful acknowledgement by bending¨
   knees and lowering the body.
\cut and dried
adj. completely decided;  inflexible.
\cutlery
n. cutting instruments and tools, esp. implements¨
   used as tableware.
\CVF
n. computing Compressed Volume File;  CVF is used¨
   with compression programmes.
\cyanosis
n. bluish skin due to oxygen-deficient blood.
\cybernetics
[,saib%'netiks] n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) science¨
   of communications and control systems in machines¨
   and living things.

cybernetic adj.

< Greek kubern×t×s steersman
\cyclorama
n. a circular pictorial representation of a scene.
\cymbal
n. concave disc, struck usu. with another to make¨
   a ringing sound.

cymbalist n.

< Latin < Greek
\cynosure
n. centre of attraction or admiration.

< Greek, = dog's tail
\cypress
pj. cypŅiÓ.
\cyst
n. sac formed in the body, containing liquid matter;¨
   bladder.
\d.
abbr.
o  died.
o  departs.
o  daughter.
o  hist. (pre-decimal) penny.

< (sense 4) < Latin denarius
\dab
v. (often foll. by at) repeatedly press briefly and¨
   lightly with a cloth etc. (dabbed at her eyes).

< imitative
\daemon
n. supernatural being in ancient Greece.
\daft
[da:ft] adj. colloq. silly, foolish, crazy.

< Old English, = meek
\dainty
['deinti] adj.
o  delicately pretty.
o  delicate or small.
o  (of food) choice.
o  fastidious;  discriminating.

n. choice delicacy.

daintily adv.  daintiness n.

< Latin dignitas dignity
\dais
n. low platform, usu. at the upper end of a hall.

< Latin discus disc, (later) table
\dale
n. valley.
\dally
v.
o  delay;  waste time.
o  (often foll. by with) flirt, trifle.

dalliance n.

< French
\dam
dam1 n.
o  barrier across river etc., forming a reservoir or¨
   preventing flooding.
o  barrier made by beaver.

v. (-mm-)
o  provide or confine with a dam.
o  (often foll. by up) block up;  obstruct.

< Low German or Dutch

dam2 n. mother, esp. of a four-footed animal.

< var. of dame
\damn
n. slang something of negligible value;  jot (esp. in¨
   the phrase not worth a damn).
\damp
adj. slightly wet.
\damsel
n. archaic or literary young unmarried woman.
\dandy
['d&ndi] n.
o  man greatly devoted to style and fashion.
o  colloq. excellent thing.

adj. esp. US colloq. splendid.

< perhaps < Andrew (man's name)
\dangle
v. hang, roam.
\dank
adj. disagreeably damp and cold.

dankly adv.  dankish adj.  dankness n.

< probably Scandinavian
\dapple
v. mark or become marked with spots of colour or¨
   shade.

n. dappled effect.

< origin unknown
\dare
v.

(I) dare say (also daresay) v. (I) consider it very¨
   likely.

Usage:  The idiomatic for dare say (or daresay) is¨
   more common in British than in American English.¨
   The expression is used only in the first person¨
   present tense and it is never followed by that:¨
   I daresay he'll be sorry tomorrow.
\Dark Ages
n. an Enlightenment designation for the Middle Ages.
\Darren
mj. i Śj.
\dash
v. strike or fling forcefully, esp. so as to shatter.
\dastardly
adj. cowardly, despicable.
¨
dastardliness n.  dastard n.

< origin uncertain
\data
n. pl. of "datum".
\database
pj. ÕdajovĮ zĮkladna (õZ), databĮse.
\datum
n. sing.
\daub
v.
o  to cover or smear with an adhesive substance.
o  to paint crudely.
\daunt
v.
o  to intimidate.
o  to discourage.
\dauphin
['do:fin] n. hist. eldest son of the King of France.

< French < Latin delphinus dolphin, as a family name
\dawdle
v. to waste time by trifling or idling.

dawdler n.
\dayboy
['dei,boi] n. Brit. a boy who attends a boarding¨
   school daily, but returns home each evening.
\daydream
n. dreamlike musing or fantasy.

daydreamer n.
\deacon
n. minister below bishop and priest.
\dead duck
n. unsuccessful or useless person or thing.
\dealer
pj. obchodnÉ zĮstupce.
\dealership
pj. obchodnÉ zastoupenÉ.
\dean
n. head of the chapter of a cathedral or collegiate¨
   church.

< Latin decanus
\dearth
[d%:0] n. scarcity, lack.
\deathbed
n. bed where a person dies.
\debate
[di'beit] n.
o  a formal discussion, as in a legislative body, in¨
   which opposing arguments are put forward.
o  discussion or dispute.
o  the formal presentation and opposition of¨
   a specific motion, followed by a vote.

v.
o  to discuss (a motion), esp. in a formal assembly.
o  to deliberate upon (something) (he debated with¨
   himself whether to go).

debater n.

Usage:ž Discussion, unlike debate, is entered with¨
   the aim of discovering the truth rather than with¨
   the aim of pushing a particular point.

< Old French debatre to discuss, argue < Latin¨
   battuere, cf. battle
\debauch
v. corrupt, deprave;  debase (taste or judgement).
\debauchee
[dibo:'Ći:] n. debauched person.
\debauchery
n. excessive sensual indulgement.
\debridement
--> d×bridement
\d×bridement
[di'bri:dm%nt] n. surgical removal of dead tissue.
\debris
n. scattered fragments, esp. of wreckage.
\debt of honour
n. debt not legally recoverable, esp. a sum lost in¨
   gambling.
\debunk
v. informal to expose or ridicule the falseness or¨
   pretensions of.

debunker n.
\d×but
['deibju:] n. first public appearance.
\d×butante
n. (US debutante) (usu. wealthy) young woman making¨
   her social d×but.
\decant
[di'k&nt] v.
\deciduous
[de'sidju%s] adj.
o  (of a tree) shedding leaves annually.
o  (of leaves, horns, teeth, etc.) shed periodically.
\deck
n. a pack of cards, usu. of 52 pieces (deck of¨
   cards).
\deck-chair
n. folding garden chair of wood and canvas.
\deck-hand
n. cleaner on a ship's deck.
\declaim
[di'kleim] v.
o  speak or say as if addressing an audience.
o  (foll. by against) protest forcefully.

declamation n.  declamatory [di'kl&m%t%ri] adj.
\declare
v.

declarative [di'kl&r%tiv] adj.
\declension
n.

< Latin
\declivity
n. a steep downward slope.
\d×cor
n. furnishing and decoration of a room, stage set,¨
   etc.

< French, cf. "decorate"
\decorum
[di'ko:r%m] n. polite dignified behaviour.
\decoy
n. man or thing used as a lure;  bait, enticement.

v. lure, esp. using a decoy.

< Dutch
\decree absolute
n. final order for completion of a divorce.
\deductible
pj. (u pojiÓtÅnÉ) spoluÕĆast.
\deem
v. formal consider, judge.
\deer
n. (pl. same)
\defame
v. libel;  slander;  speak ill of.
\defamiliarise
v. make unfamiliar:  a literary technique trying to¨
   offer an alternative view on a familiar object or¨
   event.
\default
pj. pŅedvolba, tovĮrnÉ nastavenÉ, pŅednastavenÉ.
\defeasible
adj.
o  capable of annulment.
o  liable to forfeiture.

defeasibility n.
defeasibly adv.

< Anglo-French, cf. defeasance
\defence
n. (US defense)
\defenestration
n. the act of throwing a person or thing out of¨
   a window.

defenestrate v.

< 1610-20;  de- + Latin fenestr(a) window + -ation
\defense
n. US. var. of defence.
\defer
defer1 [di'f%:] v. (-rr-) postpone;  to delay or¨
   cause to be delayed until a future time.

< Old French differer to be different, postpone,¨
   cf.˙differ]

deferrable or deferable adj.
deferrer n.

defer2 v. (foll. by to) to yield (to) or comply¨
   (with) the wishes or judgments of another.

< Latin d×ferre, literally:  to bear down < de- +¨
   ferre to bear
\deference
['def%r%ns] n.
o  courteous regard, respect.
o  compliance with another's wishes.

in deference to out of respect for.
\defiance
n. open disobedience.
\defile
v. make dirty;  pollute.
\definite
adj.
o  certain, sure.
o  clearly defined;  not vague;  precise.¨

definitely adv.

Usage:  See note at definitive.

< Latin, cf. "define"
\defray
v. to furnish or provide money for (costs, expenses,¨
   etc.);  pay.
\deft
adj. neat;  dexterous;  adroit.
\defy
v.
o  resist openly;  refuse to obey.
o  (of a thing) present insuperable obstacles to¨
   (defies solution).
o  (foll. by to + infin.) challenge (a person) to do¨
   or prove something.

< Latin fides faith
\degenerate
adj. having lost its usual or good qualities.
\deictic
--> deiectic
\deiectic
adj. specifying identity or spatial or temporal¨
   location in speech etc., as the words we, you,¨
   here, now, then and that.
\deign
[dein] v. (foll. by to + infin.) think fit,¨
   condescend.

< Latin dignus worthy
\deixis
n. point of reference.
\delectable
adj. esp. literary delightful, delicious.

delectably adv.

< Latin, cf. "delight"
\delectation
n. pleasure;  delight.
\deleterious
adj. harmful.
\deliberate
v.

Usage:  Deliberation, unlike mere thinking, implies¨
   the weighing of reasons.
\delicasy
n.
\delineate
v.
o  draw or outline accurately.
o  determine the essential quality.
o  trace the shape of.
o  make a mark or lines on a surface.
o  describe in vivid detail.

adj. represented accurately or precisely.
\delinquent
[di'li@kw%nt] n. offender (juvenile delinquent).

adj.
o  guilty of a minor crime or misdeed.
o  failing in one's duty.

delinquency n.

< Latin delinquo offend
\deliverance
n. rescuing or being rescued.
\dell
n. small usu. wooded valley.

< Old English
\delude
v. to mislead.
\deluge
n.
o  great flood.
o  (the Deluge) biblical Flood.

< Latin diluvium flood
\demagogue
n.

demagogic [-'gogik] adj.

< Greek, = leader of the people
\demarcate
v.
\deme
[di:m] n.
o  one of the administrative divisions of ancient¨
   Attica and of modern Greece.
o  a local population of organisms of the same kind,¨
   esp. one in which the genetic mix is similar¨
   throughout the group.

demic adj.

< Greek demos people
\demise
n.
o  death;  termination.
o  Law transfer of an estate, title, etc. by¨
   demising.

v. Law transfer (an estate, title, etc.) by will,¨
   lease, or death.

< Anglo-French, cf. "dismiss"
\demiurge
n. (in Platonism) the artificer of the world.
\demography
n. the study of the statistics of births, deaths etc.
\demoniac
adj. fiercely energetic or frenzied.
\demonstrative
adj.
o  showing feelings readily;  affectionate.
o  (usu. foll. by of) logically conclusive;  giving¨
   proof (demonstrative of their skill).
o  Gram. (of an adjective or pronoun) indicating the¨
   person or thing referred to (e.g. this, that,¨
   those).
\demur
v. (-rr-)
o  (often foll. by to, at) raise objections.
o  Law put in a demurrer.

n. (usu. in neg.) objection;  objecting (agreed¨
   without demur).

< Latin moror delay
\demure
adj.
o  quiet, reserved;  modest.
o  coy.

demurely adv.  demureness n.

< French, cf. "demur"
\demystify
v. remove the mystery from;  clarify.

demystification n.
\denigrate
v. blacken the reputation of.¨

denigration n.  denigrator n.  denigratory adj.

< Latin niger black
\Denis
mj. i Śj.
\denizen
n.
o  (usu. foll. by of) inhabitant or occupant.
o  foreigner having certain rights in an adopted¨
   country.
o  naturalised foreign word, animal, or plant.
¨
< Latin de intus from within
\denounce
v. to accuse publicly, condemn.
\dense
adj. stupid.
\deontic
adj.

-WCD1991- -POED1992-

< Greek deont- that which is binding
\deontology
[di:on'tol%dŚi] n. ethics dealing with moral duty.
\deplorable
adj. exceedingly bad.

deplorably adv.
\deplore
v. regret deeply or strongly;  lament.
\deploy
v. use effectively.
\deportment
n. bearing, demeanour.

< French, cf. "deport"
\deprave
v. corrupt, esp. morally.
\depravity
[di'pr&viti] n. moral corruption;  wickedness.
\deprecate
v. to express disapproval of;  deplore.

deprecation n.  deprecatory adj.

< Latin, cf. "pray"
\depredation
n. despoiling, ravaging.
\depression
pj. sklÉĆenost.
\deprive
v.
o  to take something away from;  divest.
o  to keep from the possession of something.

s. zbavit.

deprivation pj. zbavenÉ.
\depute
v. delegate.
\deputy
n. person appointed to act for another.
\deracinate
v.
o  uproot;  extirpate.
o  remove, as from a natural environment.

< Old French racine root < Latin radaix root
\derelict
n.
o  a homeless or jobless person.
o  abandoned property, esp. a ship abandoned at sea.

adj.
o  neglectful of duty;  remiss.
o  abandoned by an owner.
\dereliction
o  (usu. foll. by of) neglect;  failure to carry out¨
   obligations.
o  abandoning or being abandoned.
\deride
v. to speak of or treat with scorn;  scoff at.
\derisory
adj.
o  scoffing, ironical (derisory cheers).
o  ridiculously small (derisory offer).
\derivative
adj. derived;  not original (his music is¨
   derivative).

n.
o  derived word or thing.
o  math. quantity measuring the rate of change of¨
   another.
\derogation
pj. zkrĮcenÉ, zmenÓenÉ.
\dervish
n. a member of a Muslim fraternity vowed to poverty¨
   and austerity.

< Turkish < Persian poor
\DES
abbr. Data Encryption Standard -- vysoce spolehlivŁ¨
   celosvÅtovŁ standard pro ÓifrovĮnÉ obchodnÉch dat.¨
   2DES a 3DES (DES s dvojnĮsobnou Ći trojnĮsobnou¨
   d×lkou klÉĆe) jsou jeÓtÅ vŁkonnÅjÓÉ neŚli DES¨
   a lze je doporuĆit pŅi pŅenosu Ći uklĮdĮnÉ vysoce¨
   utajovanŁch ÕdajŹ mezi dostateĆnÅ vŁkonnŁmi¨
   poĆÉtaĆi.  DES jiŚ byl jednou rozlousknut za¨
   pouŚitÉ vysoce vŁkonnŁch poĆÉtaĆŹ.  Cf. IDEA.
\descry
v. literary catch sight of;  discern.
\desecrate
v. to violate (a sacred place etc.) with violence,¨
   profanity etc.

desecration n.  desecrator n.

< de- + consecrate
\desert
n.
o  (in pl.) deserved reward or punishment (got his¨
   deserts).
o  being worthy of reward or punishment.

< French, cf. "deserve"
\desiccate
v. remove moisture from (esp. food) (desiccated¨
   coconut).

desiccation n.

< Latin siccus dry
\desiderate
v. to desire.
\desideratum
n. (pl. desiderata) something lacking but desirable.

< Latin, cf. "desire"
\designate
v. serve as the name or symbol of.
\despair
pj. zoufalstvÉ, ÕplnĮ ztrĮta nadÅje.
\despicable
['despik%b(%)l, di'spik-] adj. vile;  contemptible,¨
   esp. morally.

< Latin specio spect- look at
\despise
[di'spaiz] v. regard as inferior, worthless or¨
   contemptible.

< Latin, cf. "despicable"
\despoil
v. literary (often foll. by of) plunder;  rob;¨
   deprive.

despoliation n.

< Latin, cf. "spoil"
\despondency
n. depression;  dejection.
\desultory
['dez%lt%ri] adj. constantly turning from one subject¨
   to another.
\detective
pj. pĮtraĆ, detektiv.
\determinate
adj.

determinateness n.
\determinative
adj. serving to determine;  determining.
\detour
['di:t%:(r)] n. a divergence from the usual route.
\detract
detractor n.
\detritus
n. debris accumulated by the action of water.
\de trop
adj. unwanted, excessive.

< French
\deuce
n.
o  the Devil.
o  two (on cards or dice).
\develop
[di'vel%p] v. (-p-)

< French
\devil's advocate
n. a person who argues against a proposition to test¨
   it.
\devious
['di:vi%s] adj.
o  not straight-forward, underhand.
o  winding, circuitous.

deviously adv.  deviousness n.

< Latin via way
\devolution
n. delegation of power esp. to local or regional¨
   authorities.
\devolve
v. pass (work or duties).
\devour
v. eat voraciously.

< Latin
\devout
[di'vaut] adj. earnestly religious or sincere.
\diabolical
adj. of the Devil.
\diachronic
[,dai%'kronik] adj. of a thing's historical¨
   development (diachronic linguistics), cf.¨
   synchronic.

diachronically adv.

< Greek khronos time
\diachronic linguistics
n. the study of the evolution of a particular¨
   language;  also called historical linguistics, cf.¨
   descriptive linguistics.
\diacritic
[,dai%'kritik] n. sign (e.g. an accent or cedilla)¨
   indicating different sounds or values of a letter.
\diagonal
[dai'&gon%l] pj. ÕhlopŅÉĆka.
\diagraph
n. the occurence of two letters representing one¨
   sound, e.g. sh in sharp.
\dialect
['dai%,lekt] n.

dialectal [-'lekt%l] adj.
\diapason
[,dai%'peiz%n] n.
o  compass of a voice or musical instrument.
o  fixed standard of musical pitch.
o  either of two main organ-stops.

< Greek, = through all (notes)
\diaphanous
[dai'&f%n%s] adj. light, clear, and almost¨
   transparent.
\diaspora
--> Diaspora
\Diaspora
n.
o  the dispersion of the Jews after their exile in¨
   538 B.C.
o  (often l.c.) the body of the Jews living in¨
   countries outside Palestine or modern Israel.
o  such countries collectively.
o  (l.c.) any group migration or flight from¨
   a country or region;  dispersion.
o  (l.c.) any group that has been dispersed outside¨
   its traditional homeland.

< Greek diaspora dispersion
\dichotomy
[dai'kotomi] n. a division into two, especially¨
   a sharply defined one.

cf. dilemma, ambivalence.
\dictate
[dik'teit] v.

['dik-] n.
\didactic
adj. meant to be instruct.
\die-hard
n. a conservative or stubborn person.
\dietetic
adj. of diet and nutrition.
\differ
v. (-r-)
\diffident
adj. shy, lacking self-confidence;  timid.
\diffuse
adj. spread out over a wide area.
\dight
[dait] v. archaic (dight-dight-dight or¨
   dight-dighted-dighted) adorn.
\dilate
v.
o  make or become wider or larger.
o  speak or write at length.

dilation n.

< Latin latus wide
\dilemma
n. a situation in which a difficult choice has to be¨
   made between available alternatives.
\dilettante
[dili't&nti] n. (pl. dilettanti or -s) a dabbler in¨
   a subject.
\diligent
adj.
o  hard-working.
o  showing care and effort.

diligence n.  diligently adv.

< French < Latin diligo love
\dilute
[dai'lju:t] v. reduce the strength of a fluid.
\dilution
[dai'lju:Ó%n] n.
o  the reduction of the concentration of a liquid by¨
   adding a solvent.
o  the reduction of the strength of something.

< Latin diluo wash away
\dimple
n. small hollow, esp. in cheek or chin.
\DIN
n. any of a series of German technical standards¨
   designating electrical connections, film speeds,¨
   and paper sizes.

< German Deutsche Industrie-Norm
\din
n. prolonged loud confused noise.

v. (-nn-) (foll. by into) force (information) into¨
   a person by constant repetition;  make a din.

< Old English
\dingy
adj.
o  dirty;  soiled;  grimy.
o  drab;  squalid.
\dint
n. dent.

v. mark with dints.

by dint of by force or means of.

< Old English and Old Norse
\diocese
n. district under the pastoral care of a bishop.

diocesan adj.

< Greek dioik×sis administration
\Dionysian
adj. wildly sensual;  unrestrained.

pŅj. dionŁskŁ.

< Greek Dionusos god of wine
\dioptre
n. (US diopter [dai'opt%]) a unit for measuring the¨
   refractive power of a lens:  the reciprocal of the¨
   focal length of the lens expressed in metres.  The¨
   symbol for dioptre is D.  In the context of the¨
   eye, "-1 D" indicates short-sightedness of 1¨
   dioptre, "+1 D" indicated far-sightedness of 1¨
   dioptre.

dioptral adj.

< Latin dioptra optical instrument < Greek
\diphthong
n. two vowels pronounced in one syllable as in boy.
\dipper
pj.
o  nabÅraĆka, lŚÉce.
o  ŚivoĆ. skorec vodnÉ.
\diptych
['diptik] n.
o  painting, esp. an altarpiece, on two hinged panels¨
   closing like a book.
o  pair of hinged writing tablets.

< Greek
\dire
adj.
o  dreadful.
o  urgent.
\directory
poĆÉtaĆe sloŚka, adresĮŅ.

subdirectory pj. podsloŚka, podadresĮŅ.
\diremption
n. separation, disjunction;  division into two.

< Latin diremptio
\dirge
n.
o  lament for the dead.
o  any dreary piece of music.

< Latin imperative dirige = direct, used in the¨
   Office for the Dead
\dirigible
['di-] adj. capable of being guided.

n. dirigible balloon or airship.

< cf. "direct"
\dirk
n. a dagger.
\disaffect
v. to alienate the affection or loyalty of.
\disapprobation
n. disapproval.
\disavow
v. disclaim knowledge of or responsibility for.
\discharge
v. carry out (a duty or obligation).
\discomfit
[dis'kamfit] v. (-t-) disconcert, baffle, frustrate.

discomfiture n.

Usage:  Discomfit is sometimes confused with¨
   discomfort.

< French, cf. dis-, confection
\discordance
n. (also discordancy)
o  lack of agreement or consonance.
o  discord.
\discourse
['disko:s] n.
o  a conversation.
o  a lengthy treatment of a subject.

[dis'ko:s] v.
\discreet
[di'skri:t] adj. tactful.
\discrete
[di'skri:t] adj. individually distinct.
\disdain
n. mild contempt and aloofness.
\disease
[di'zi:z] n.
o  unhealthy condition of the body or mind, plants,¨
   society etc.
o  particular kind of disease.

diseased adj.

< French dis- + ease
\disenchantment
n. disillusionment.
\disfavour
n. disapproval or dislike.
\disguise
[dis'gaiz] v.
\dishearten
v. to weaken or destroy the hope, courage,¨
   enthusiasm, etc., of.
\dishevelled
adj. untidy;  ruffled.
\disinfectant
n. a substance that is used to kill germs.
\disingenuous
adj.
o  not straighforward;  crafty.
o  lacking in candour or frankness.

disingenuously adv.  disingenuousness n.
\disjointed
adj. incoherent.
\dislocate
['disl%,keit] v.
\dislodge
[dis'lodŚ] v. disturb or move.

dislodgement n.
\disloyal
[dis'loi%l] adj. not loyal;  unfaithful.

disloyally adv.  disloyalty n.
\dismay
[dis'mei] n. intense disappointment or despair.

v. fill with dismay.

< French < Germanic, cf. dis-, may
\disorientate
[dis'o:rien,teit] (or disorient) v. to confuse¨
   a person, esp. as to his bearings.
\disparage
[di'sp&ridŚ] v. to speak of as unimportant or¨
   inferior;  belittle.

s. sniŚovat, zlehĆovat.
\disparate
adj. essentially different;  not comparable.
\dispel
[di'spel] v. (-ll-) drive away;  scatter (fears¨
   etc.).

< Latin pello drive
\dispensary
[di'spens%ri] n. a place where medicines or medical¨
   supplies are dispensed.
\dispensation
[,dispen'seiÓ%n] n.
o  dispensing or distributing.
o  exemption from penalty, rule, etc.
o  ordering or management of the world by Providence.
\dispense
v. distribute.
\display
[di'splei] n.
\displeasure
n.
o  annoyance, dislike, irritation.
o  distaste, anger, indignation.

pj. nelibost.
\disport
[di'spo:t] v. (often refl.) play, frolic, enjoy¨
   oneself.

< Anglo-French porter carry < Latin
\disposition
n. natural tendency;  temperament;  arrangement.
\disproof
[dis'pru:f] n. refutation.
\disprove
[dis'pru:v] v. to prove false.
\disputant
[di'spju:t%nt]
\dispute
[di'spju:t] v. and n.
\disquiet
v. to make uneasy;  trouble.

disquietude n.  disquietingly adv.
\disquisition
n. discursive treatise or discourse.

< Latin quaero quaesit- seek
\disrepute
n. lack of good reputation.
\dissemble
[di'semb(%)l] v.
o  be hypocritical or insincere.
o  disguise or conceal (a feeling, intention etc.).¨

< Latin simulo simulate
\disseminate
v. to spread widely, distribute.
\dissension
n. angry disagreement.
\dissent
v. disagree, esp. openly.

dissenter n.
\dissipate
v.
o  disperse.
o  squander.
\dissipation
n.
o  dissolute way of life.
o  dissipating or being dissipated.
\dissociate
[di's%uÓi,eit] v.
o  disconnect or separate.
o  become disconnected.

dissociate oneself from declare oneself unconnected¨
   with.

dissociation n.  dissociative adj.

< Latin dis-, associative
\dissolute
adj. lax in morals;  licentious.

< Latin, cf. "dissolve"
\dissolution
n.
o  breaking up, abolition.
o  death.
o  disintegration.
\distaff
['dista:f] pj. pŅeslice.
\distal
adj.
o  situated away from the point of origin or¨
   attachment, as of a limb or bone.  Cf. "proximal".
o  directed away or farthest from the sagittal plane¨
   or midline of the face, along the dental arch. Cf.¨
   "mesial".

< 1808;  dist(ant) + -al
\distension
--> distention
\distention
n. the act of expanding by pressure from within.
\distillate
n. the product obtained from the condensation of¨
   vapours in distillation.

< 1860-5
\distinction
n.
o  discriminating or distinguishing.
o  difference between two things.
o  thing that differentiates or distinguishes.
o  special consideration or honour (treat with¨
   distinction).
o  excellence (person of distinction).
o  title or mark of honour.

< Latin, cf. "distinguish"
\distinguish
v. (often foll. by from, between)
\distrait
adj. inattentive;  distraught.
\distribute
v.
o  give shares of;  deal out.
o  scatter;  put at different points.
o  arrange;  classify.

< Latin tribuo -but- assign
\distribution
pj. dodavatelstvÉ.
\dithyramb
n. wild choral hymn in ancient Greece.
\ditto
n.
o  the same as stated above or before.
o  the pair of small marks ('') used as a symbol for¨
   the word ditto.
o  a duplicate or copy.
\ditty
adj. short simple song.

< Latin, cf. "dictate"
\diurnal
adj.
o  belonging to, occurring in, or active during the¨
   day.
o  of the day or daytime.
o  a daily cycle or occurring every day.
\diva
n. (pl. -s) a great woman opera singer;  prima donna.¨

< Italian < Latin, = goddess
\dive
v.
o  plunge head first into water.
o  (of an aircraft, person, etc.) plunge steeply¨
   downwards.
o  (of a submarine) submerge;  go deeper.
o  (foll. by into) colloq.
a  put one's hand into (a pocket, handbag, etc.).
b  become enthusiastic about (a subject, meal, etc.).
o  move suddenly (dived into a shop).

n.
o  act of diving;  plunge.
o  steep descent or fall.
o  colloq. disreputable nightclub, bar, etc.

< Old English
\diverse
[dai'v%:s] adj. varied.
\diversion
n. recreation, pastime.
\divest
[dai'vest] v. unclothe; rid.
\divine
pŅj. boŚskŁ.
\diviner
[di'vain%(r)] pj. knÅz, duchovnÉ.
\divisive
adj. causing disagreement.
\divisor
[di'vaizo(r)] n. number by which another is divided.
\divot
n. a piece of turf torn up by a golf club in striking¨
   the ball.
\divulge
v. disclose.
\divvy
['divi] n.
o  informal UK short for dividend, esp. (formerly)¨
   one paid by a cooperative society.
o  US and Canadian a share;  portion.

v. (tr., usually foll. by up) to divide and share.
\dizzy
['dizi] v. make dizzy;  bewilder.
\DLL
abbr. Dynamic Linking Library.  It is typically used¨
   by Windows or certain programs that run under¨
   DPMI, e.g. Text602 3,1.

zkr. vŁp. tech. dynamickĮ knihovna.
\docile
adj. submissive.

pŅj. uĆelivŁ.

< Latin doceo teach
\dock
n. an enclosure in a criminal court for the accused.
\docket
['dokit] n. document or label listing goods¨
   delivered, jobs done, contents of a package, etc.

v. label with, or enter on, a docket.
\doctrinaire
n. one inflexibly attached to a doctrine.
\dodo
n. large extinct bird.
\doe
n. (pl. same or -s) female fallow deer, reindeer,¨
   hare, or rabbit.

< Old English
\doff
v. remove (a hat or clothes).

< do off
\dogcart
n. a two-wheeled driving-cart with cross seats back¨
   to back.
\doge
n. chief magistrate of Venice or Genoa.
\dog-eared
adj. (of a book etc.) with bent or worn corners.
\dogged
['dogid] adj. tenacious;  grimly persistent.

doggedly adv.  doggedness n.
\dog tag
n.
o  small disk attached to a dog's collar stating¨
   owner, address etc.
o  metal identification tag worn or carried by men in¨
   the armed forces.
o  informal any identification tag.

< 1915-20
\dogwood
\dole
n.
o  (usu. prec. by the) colloq. unemployment benefit.
o  charitable distribution.
o  thing given sparingly or reluctantly.

v. (usu. foll. by out) distribute sparingly.

on the dole colloq. receiving unemployment benefit.

< Old English
\doleful
adj. mournful;  sad.

dolefully adv.  dolefulness n.
\doll
n. a figure representing a human being, used esp. as¨
   a child's toy.
\dollar
n.

< 1545-55;  earlier daler < Low German, Dutch daler;¨
   cognate with German Taler, short for¨
   Joachimsthaler coin minted in Joachimsthal in¨
   Bohemia, Czechia
\dolour
['dol%(r)] n. literary (US dolor) sorrow, distress.

dolourous adj.

< Latin dolor pain
\dolt
[d%ult] n. stupid person.

doltish adj.

< apparently related to obsolete dol = dull
\domain
[d%'mein] n. realm.
\domino
n.
\don
don1 n.
o  a tutor or fellow at a college of Oxford or¨
   Cambridge.
o  (Don) Spanish title prefixed to a forename.¨

< Spanish < Latin dominus lord

don2 v. (-nn-) put on (clothing).

< = do on
\Don Juan
[don won] n. a womaniser.
\doodle
v. to draw or scribble while preoccupied.

doodle n.
\doodlesack
pj. dudy (skotsk×).
\doormat
n.
o  a person who is physically weak.
o  a mat placed in front of a door for wiping the¨
   shoes before entering.
\doorpost
pj. futro.
\doorstop
n. device for keeping a door open or to prevent it¨
   from striking the wall.
\dormant
pŅj. spÉcÉ, odpoĆÉvajÉcÉ.
\dormouse
['do:,maus] n. (pl. -mice) small mouselike¨
   hibernating rodent.

pj. plch.

< origin unknown
\dorsal
adj. of, toward, on, or in the back.
\dosage
['dousidŚ] n. size of a dose.
\dossier
['dosiei, -si%(r)] n. file containing information¨
   about a person, place, event, etc.

< French
\dotard
['d%ut%d] n. senile person.
\dotage
[doutidŚ] n. feebleness of mind esp. in old age;¨
   senility.
\dote
v. (foll. by on) be excessively fond of.

dotingly adv.

< origin uncertain
\dough
[d%u] n.
o  thick mixture of flour etc. and liquid for baking.
o  slang money.

< Old English
\doughty
['dauti] adj. archaic valiant.

doughtily adv.

< Old English
\dour
[du%(r)] adj.
o  severe, stern.
o  obstinate, dull.

< probably < Gaelic dÕr dull, obstinate
\dovetail
v. fit together;  combine neatly.
\dowager
['dau%dŚ%] n.
o  widow with a title or property from her late¨
   husband (dowager duchess).
o  colloq. dignified elderly woman.

< French, cf. dower
\dowdy
adj. unattractively dull.
\dower
n.
o  widow's share for life of a husband's estate.
o  archaic dowry.

< Latin dos dowry
\down
n. bird's under-plumage.
\download
pj. poĆÉtaĆe stahovĮnÉ, tj. pŅenos ÕdajŹ ze sÉtÅ nebo¨
   jednoho vzdĮlen×ho poĆÉtaĆe na mÉstnÉ poĆÉtaĆ.
\downplay
['doun,plei] v. belittle.

< 1950-5
\downright
adj. straightforward, plain.
\downspout
pj. svod (okapu).
\DP
abbr. displaced person.
\DPMI
abbr. DOS Protected Mode Interface.  DPMI can work in¨
   16- or 32-bit mode under DOS, OS/2, Linux,¨
   Windows, etc.

zkr. chrĮnÅnŁ reŚim.
\drab
adj. (drabber, drabbest)
o  dull, uninteresting, dreary.
o  of a light grayish or olive brown color.

n. a light grayish or olive brown.

drabness n.
\draconian
adj. (of laws) very harsh, cruel.
\dragon
['dr&g%n] n. fierce woman.

< Greek
\dragonfly
n. a large, narrow-bodied four-winged insect.

pj. vĮŚka.
\drat
n. curse.
\draw
v. (draw-drew-drawn)

draw out
o  prolong.
o  elicit.
o  induce to talk.
o  (of days) become longer.
o  (of a train) leave a station.
\drawer
['dro:%] n.
o  person or thing that draws, esp. a cheque etc.
o  (also [dro:(%)]) lidless boxlike storage¨
   compartment, sliding in and out of a table etc.¨
   (chest of drawers).
o  (in pl.) knickers, underpants.
\drawing room
n. a formal reception room or living room.
\drawl
v. to speak with drawn-out vowel sounds.

n. a drawling utterance or a way of speaking.

< Low German or Dutch
\dray
n. low cart without sides for heavy loads, esp.¨
   beer-barrels.

< draw
\dredge
n. apparatus used to scoop up mud etc. from a river¨
   or sea bed.
\dregs
n. pl. the sediment of a liquid.
\dressage
['dresa:Ś] n. training of a horse in obedience and¨
   deportment;  display of this.

< French
\dribble
v. allow saliva to flow from the mouth.
\drive
pj.
o  poĆÉtaĆe (zĮznamovĮ) jednotka, mechanika.
o  poĆÉtaĆe kotouĆ (hard drive pevnŁ kotouĆ,¨
   mechanika pevn×ho kotouĆe).
\droll
adj. quaintly amusing;  strange, odd.
\drone
n.
o  non-working male of the honey-bee.
o  idler.
o  deep humming sound.
o  monotonous speaking tone.
o  bass-pipe of bagpipes or its continuous note.
¨
v.
o  make a deep humming sound.
o  speak or utter monotonously.

< Old English
\droopy
pj. bending or hanging downwards.
\droppings
n. pl.
o  dung of animals or birds.
o  a thing that falls or has fallen in drops.
\drosophila
pj. fruit fly used in genetic research.
\dross
[dros] n.
o  rubbish.
o  scum from melted metals.
o  impurities.

pj. struska, ÓkvĮr.

< Old English
\drover
n. herder of cattle.
\drudge
n. a person who does a dull work.
\drug
v. stupefy.
\drumble
n. sluggish person, drone.  (cf. Shakespeare, The¨
   Comedy of Errors, II.ii.194).
\drum major
n. leader of a marching band.
\dubiety
[dju:'bai%ti] n. literary doubt.

< Latin, cf. dubious
\dude
n.
o  informal an Easterner or city person staying in¨
   the West.
o  informal dandy.
\duet
[dju:'et] n. musical composition for two performers.
¨
< Latin duo two
\duke
[dju:k] n.
o  person holding the highest hereditary title of the¨
   nobility.
o  sovereign prince ruling a duchy or small State.

dukedom n.

< Latin dux leader
\dulcet
['dalsit] adj. sweet-sounding.

< Latin dulcis sweet
\duma
n. (pl. -mas) a council or official assembly (esp. in¨
   Russia before 1917).

< 1865-70; < Russian, Old Russian dÕma assembly,¨
   council (an early homonym with dÕma thought)
\dumbfound
v. to strike dumb with astonishment.
\dumbstruck
['damstrak] adj. greatly shocked or surprised and so¨
   lost for words.
\dumka
n. (pl. dumky) a Slavic folk song that alternates in¨
   character between sadness and gaiety.

< 1890-95; < Czech < Ukrainian dÕmka, orig. dim. of¨
   dÕma a genre of narrative folk poetry;  cf. "duma"
\dumpy
adj. short and stout.
\dun
adj. greyish-brown.

n.
o  dun colour.
o  dun horse.

< Old English
\dunghill
n. a heap of dung.
\dungeon
n. underground prison cell.
\dunnock
n. hedge sparrow.
\dupe
n. victim of deception.

< French
\durative
adj. of or pertaining to a verb or verb aspect¨
   expressing incomplete or continued action, as the¨
   verbs beat and walk in contrast to strike and¨
   step.

< 1885-90
\duress
[dju%'res] n.
o  compulsion, esp. illegal use of threats or¨
   violence (under duress).
o  imprisonment.

< Latin durus hard
\durst
[d%st] v. archaic pt. of "dare".
\dusky
adj. shadowy;  dim.
\dust-sheet
n. protective cloth over furniture etc.
\dwarf
[dwo:rf] n. person, animal, or plant much below¨
   normal size.
\dyad
['dai&d] n.
o  a group of two;  couple;  pair.
o  the double chromosomes resulting from the¨
   separation of the four chromatids of a tetrad.
o  an element, atom, or group having a valence of¨
   two.
o  Math. two vectors with no symbol connecting them,¨
   usu. considered as an operator.
o  two people involved in an ongoing relationship or¨
   interaction.
o  the relationship or interaction itself.

adj. of two parts;  dyadic.

< 1665-75 < Greek dyĮs pair
\dye
[dai] n.
o  substance used to change the colour of hair,¨
   fabric, etc.
o  colour so produced.

v. (dyeing, dyed)
o  colour with dye.
o  dye a specified colour (dyed it yellow).

dyer n.

< Old English
\dyke
n. (also dike)
o  embankment built to prevent flooding.
o  ditch or channel.
o  slang lesbian (or dike?).
\dynamic
adj. energetic;  active.
\dyslexia
[dis'leksi%] n. impaired ability to read, not caused¨
   by low intelligence.  Nontechnical name:  word¨
   blindness.

dyslectic adj., n.
dyslexic adj.

< New Latin < dys- + -lexia < legein to speak
\ear
n. seed-bearing head of a cereal plant.
\earmark
v. set aside for a special purpose.
\earnest
adj. intensely serious.
\eat
v. (eat-ate-eaten).
\eavestrough
pj. Ślab, okap.
\EBITDA
abbr. earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation¨
   and amortisation.
\ebullient
[i'bulj%nt] adj. exuberant.

ebullience n.  ebulliency n.  ebulliently adv.

< Latin, cf. "boil"
\ecce homo
Lat. behold the man.

< Latin
\ecclesiastical
adj. of the Church or clergy.
\echelon
['eÓe,lon] n.
o  a level in an organisation, in society, etc.;¨
   those occupying it (often in pl.:  the upper¨
   echelons).
o  wedge-shaped formation of troops, aircraft etc.

< French, = ladder < Latin scala
\eclectic
adj. selecting ideas etc. from various sources.
\eclipse
[i'klips] n.
\eclogue
['eklog] n. short pastoral poem.

< Greek, cf. eclectic
\economical
adj. sparing;  avoiding waste.
\ecumenical
[,i:kju:'menik(%)l] adj.
o  of or representing the whole Christian world.
o  seeking worldwide Christian unity.

ecumenically adv.  ecumenism [i:'kju:m%,niz(%)m] n.

< Greek oikoumenikos of the inhabited earth
\eddy
['edi] n. a circular movement of water causing¨
   a small whirlpool.
\edict
['i:dikt] n. order proclaimed by authority.

< Latin
\edify
['edi,fai] v. improve morally or intellectually.¨

edification n.
\edit
['edit] v. assemble, prepare, or modify (written¨
   material for publication).

< Latin edo edit- give out
\Edith
[i:di0] pj. Edita.
\educe
v. bring out or develop from latency.
\eek
also.
\eel
n. snakelike fish.

< Old English
\e'en
[i:n] adv. chiefly literary even or evening.

< 1250-1300;  Middle English
\eerie
['i%ri] adj. (eerie-eerier-eeriest) gloomy and¨
   strange;  weird (eerie silence).

eerily adv.  eeriness n.

< Old English
\efface
[i'feis] v.
o  rub or wipe out (a mark, recollection, etc.).
o  surpass, eclipse.
o  refl. (usu. as self-effacing adj.) treat oneself¨
   as unimportant.

effacement n.

< French, cf. "face"
\effect
v. to bring something about.

pj. filosofie ÕĆinek.
\efficacious
adj. producing the desired effect.

efficacy n.
\effigy
n. sculpture or model of a person.
\effloresce
v.
o  burst into flower.
o  (of a substance) turn to a fine powder on exposure¨
   to air.
o  (of salts) come to the surface and crystallize.
o  (of a surface) become covered with salt particles.

efflorescence n.  efflorescent adj.

< Latin flos flor- flower
\effluvium
n. an often foul or harmful emanation.
\effrontery
n. impudent audacity.

< Latin frons front- forehead
\effusive
[i'fju:siv] adj. gushing, demonstrative;  lacking¨
   reserve (effusive greetings).
\egall
adj. equal.

< Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, IV, iv, 4
\egg
egg1 n.
o  body produced by females of birds, insects, etc.¨
   and capable of developing into a new individual.
o  egg of the domestic hen, used for food.
o  biol. ovum.
o  colloq. person or thing of a specified kind (good¨
   egg).

with egg on one's face colloq. looking foolish.

eggy adj.

< Old Norse

egg2 v. (foll. by on) urge.

< Old Norse "edge"
\egomania
n. psychologically abnormal egotism;  extreme¨
   egocentrism.

egomaniac n.  egomaniacal adj.

< 1815-25
\egotism
n. self-conceit.
\either
adv. likewise;   also.
\eke
supplement (income etc.).
\elapse
v. (of time) pass by.

< Latin elabor elaps- slip away
\elder
pj. rostl. bez.
\electron
n.
\elegy
n.
o  sorrowful poem or song, esp. for the dead.
o  poem in elegiac metre.

< Latin < Greek
\elenchus
n. logical refutation.
\elevation
n.
o  a drawing to scale of the external face of¨
   a building or structure (cf. plan, ground plan).
o  the external face of a building or structure.
\elevator music
n. unintrusive background music of neutral character¨
   typically for broadcast in public areas.
\elide
[i'laid] v. omit (a vowel or syllable) in¨
   pronunciation.

< Latin elido elis- crush out
\eliminate
v. get rid of.
\elite
see ×lite
\×lite
[i'li:t] n.
o  (prec. by the) the best (of a group).
o  select group or class, a privileged group.
o  a size of letters in typewriting (12 CPI).

< French, cf. "elect"
\ell
ell1 n. hist. a unit of length = 45 in.

< Old English, = forearm

ell2 n. an extension of a building at right angles to¨
   the main structure.
\ellipsis
[i'lipsis] n. (pl. ellipses [-si:z])
o  omission of words needed to complete¨
   a construction or sense.
o  set of three dots etc. indicating omission.
\elliptical
[i'liptik%l] adj. (also elliptic)
o  of or in the form of an ellipse.
o  relating to or resulting from ellipsis.
o  (of speech, literary style, etc.)
a  very condensed or concise, often so as to be¨
   obscure or ambiguous.
b  circumlocutory or long-winded.

elliptically adv.
ellipticalness n.

Usage:  The use of elliptical to mean circumlocutory¨
   is avoided by many careful speakers and writers.
\elope
v. run away to marry secretly.
\elude
[i'lu:d] v. escape adroitly.
\elusive
[i'lu:siv] adj.
o  difficult to find or catch.
o  difficult to remember.
o  avoiding the point raised.

elusiveness n.
\em
n. Printing unit of measurement equal to the width of¨
   an M.

< name of the letter M
\emanate
v. (usu. foll. by from) issue or originate (from¨
   a source).

< Latin mano flow
\emasculate
v. deprive of force or vigour.
\embezzle
[im'bez(%)l] v. divert (money etc.) fraudulently to¨
   one's own use.

embezzlement n.   embezzler n.

< Anglo-French
\embody
[im'bodi] v.
o  make (an idea etc.) actual or discernible.
o  (of a thing) be a tangible expression of.
o  include, comprise.

embodiment n.
\emend
[i'mend] v. edit (a text etc.) to make corrections.

emendation n.

Usage:  See note at amend.

< Latin menda fault
\emerald
n. bright-green gem.
\emetic
[i'metik] adj. that causes vomiting.

n. emetic medicine.

pj. dĮvidlo.

< Greek emeĻ vomit
\eminent
adj. distinguished, notable.
\emollient
n. that softens or soothes the skin.
\empirical
adj.
o  based on observation or experiment.
o  Philosophy.ž Based on experience rather than¨
   reason.
\empyrean
n.
o  the highest reaches of heaven.
o  the sky or firmament.
\enamel
n.
o  glass-like opaque ornamental or preservative¨
   coating on metal etc.
o  smooth hard coating.
o  a kind of hard gloss paint.
o  cosmetic simulating this, esp. nail varnish.
o  hard coating of a tooth.
o  painting done in enamel.

v. (-ll-, US -l-) inlay, coat, or portray with¨
   enamel.

< Anglo-French < Germanic
\enamour
v. inspire with love or delight.
\encapsulate
v. enclose in or as in a capsule.
\enclitic
[in'klitik] adj. (of a word) closely connected in¨
   pronunciation with the preceding word and not¨
   having an independent accent or phonological¨
   status, e.g. are in we're.
\encase
n. enclose in or as if in a case.

encasement n.
\encompass
v.
o  contain;  include.
o  surround.
\encore
n. audience's demand for a further item, or for¨
   a repetition of an item.
\encroach
v.
o  (foll. by on, upon) intrude on another's territory¨
   etc.
o  advance gradually beyond due limits.

encroachment n.

< French croc crook
\encumber
v. be a burden to.
\encyclical
n. a letter (esp. papal) for wide circulation.
\endearment
n. something that endears, such as an affectionate¨
   utterance.
o  the act or process of endearing or the condition¨
   of being endeared
\endemic
[en'demik] adj. (often foll. by to) regularly or only¨
   found among a particular people or in a particular¨
   region.

endemically adv.

< Greek en- in, d×mos the people
\ender
pj. lylie.
\endogamy
n. marriage within a specific tribe or similar social¨
   unit, cf. exogamy.

endogamous adj.  endogamic adj.

< 1860-5
\enema
n.
o  introduction of fluid into the rectum.
o  this fluid.
\enfranchise
v.
o  give (a person) the right to vote.
o  give (a town) municipal rights, esp.¨
   representation in parliament.
o  hist. free (a slave etc.).

enfranchisement n.

< French, cf. frank
\engender
v. give rise to;  produce (a feeling).
\engross
v. to occupy the complete attention of.
\enigma
n. a puzzle or ambiguity.
\enjoin
[in'dŚoin] v.
o  command or order.
o  (often foll. by on) impose (an action).
o  (usu. foll. by from) law prohibit by injunction¨
   (from doing a thing).

< Latin injungo attach
\en masse
all together.
\ennui
n.
o  boredom.
o  (esp. in 19th century Russia) a peculiar kind of¨
   depression arising from, or connected with,¨
   boredom.
\enow
adj. and adv. archaic enough.
\en prise
[a:n 'pri:z] adj. (of a chess piece) in line for¨
   capture;  likely to be captured.

< French
\enquire
v. ask about (a person, a person's health, etc.).
\enquiry
n.
o  act of asking or seeking information.
o  inquiry.
\enrol
[in'r%ul] v. (US enroll) (-ll-)
o  enlist.
o  write the name of (a person) on a list.
o  incorporate as a member.
o  enrol oneself, esp. for a course of study.

enrolment n.

< French, cf. "en-"
\en route
en route [a%: 'ru:t] adv. on the way.

< French
\ensconce
[in'skons] v. (usu. refl. or in passive) establish or¨
   settle comfortably.

< sconce small fortification
\ensemble
n.
o  thing viewed as the sum of its parts.
o  general effect of this.
o  set of clothes worn together.
o  group of performers working together.
o  Mus. concerted passage for an ensemble.

< Latin simul at the same time
\ensign
['ensain, -s(%)n] n.
o  banner or flag, esp. the military or naval flag of¨
   a nation.
o  standard-bearer.
o  hist. lowest commissioned infantry officer.
o  US lowest commissioned naval officer.

< French, cf. "insignia"
\ensue
[in'sju:] v. happen later or as a result.

< Latin sequor follow
\entail
[in'teil] v.
o  necessitate or involve unavoidably (entails much¨
   effort).
o  Law bequeath (an estate) to a specified line of¨
   beneficiaries so that it cannot be sold or given¨
   away.

n. Law
o  entailed estate.
o  succession to such an estate.

< cf. "tail"
\entelechy
n. a realisation or actuality as opposed to¨
   a potentiality.
\entendre
n. ambiguity.
\enteritis
n. inflammation of the intestinal tract.
\enthral
v. captivate, please greatly.
\enthymematic
adj. (of an argument) incomplete.
\entourage
n. people attending an important person.

< French
\entrance
v. enchant, delight etc.
\entreaty
n. an earnest request;  plea.
\entropy
n.
o  Physics measure of the disorganisation or¨
   degradation of the universe, resulting in¨
   a decrease in available energy.
o  Physics measure of the unavailability of¨
   a system's thermal energy for conversion into¨
   mechanical work.

< Greek en- + trop transformation
\enumerate
v. list.
\enunciate
[i'nansi,eit] v.
o  pronounce (words) clearly.
o  express in definite terms.

enunciation n.

< Latin nuntio announce
\enuresis
n. involuntary urination.
\envelop
v. to wrap up or cover completely.
\eon
var. of aeon.
\×p×e
[ei'pei] n. a sharp-pointed sword, used (with the end¨
   blunted) in fencing.

< French, cf. "spathe"
\epaulette
['ep%,let] n. (US epaulet) ornamental shoulder-piece¨
   on a coat etc., esp. on a uniform.

< French ×paule shoulder
\ephemeral
[i'fem%r(%)l] adj. lasting or of use for only a short¨
   time;  transitory.
\epicentre
n. the part of the earth's surface directly above the¨
   point or origin of an earthquake.
\epicycle
['episaik%l] n.
o  circle whose centre moves around in the¨
   circumference of a larger circle:  used in¨
   Ptolemaic astronomy to account for irregularities¨
   in planetary motion.
o  circle that rolls, externally or internally,¨
   without slipping, on another circle, generating an¨
   epicycloid or hypocycloid.
\epigone
['epi,g%un] n. an undistinguished imitator, follower,¨
   or successor of an important writer, painter etc.
\epigraph
n. inscription.
\epiphany
[i'pifani] n.
o  (Epiphany)
o  manifestation of Christ to the Magi.
o  festival of this on 6 January.
o  manifestation of a god or demigod.

pj. ZjevenÉ PĮnÅ, svĮtek TŅÉ krĮlŹ.

< Greek phainĻ show
\epiphenomenalism
n. the theory that consciousness is merely an¨
   epiphenomenon of physiological processes of the¨
   brain without the power to affect these processes.

epiphenomenalist n.

< 1895-1900
\episodic
adj.
o  consisting of separate episodes.
o  irregular, sporadic.

episodically adv.
\epitaph
n. an inscription, as on a tombstone, in memory of¨
   a dead person.
\epithet
n. a term, often of an abusive nature, used to¨
   characterise a person or thing.
\epitome
n. a thing that embodies a certain quality.
\epitomise
v. make or be a perfect example of (a quality etc.).
\epoch
['i:pok] n.
o  period of history etc. marked by notable events.
o  beginning of an era.
o  Geol. division of a period, corresponding to a set¨
   of strata.

epochal ['ep%k(%)l] adj.

< Greek, = pause
\eponym
['ep%nim] n.
o  word, place-name, etc., derived from a person's¨
   name.
o  person whose name is used in this way.

eponymous [i'ponim%s] adj.

< Greek onoma name
\equable
adj.
o  not varying;  even.
o  even-tempered.

equability n.  equably adv.
\equinox
n. either of the two times during a year when the sun¨
   crosses the celestial equator and the length of¨
   day and night are approximately equal.  Cf.¨
   solstice.

pj. rovnodennost.
\equipage
n. horse-drawn carriage, usually attended by footmen.
\equipoise
n. equilibrium.
\equivalent
pŅj. rovnomocnŁ, rovnocennŁ;  rovnŁ, shodujÉcÉ se,¨
   ekvivalentnÉ.
\equivocal
adj.
o  ambiguous.
o  questionable;  inconclusive.
\er
expressing hesitation.
\era
n.
\eradicate
v. root out;  destroy completely.

eradicable adj.  eradication n.  eradicator n.¨

< Latin radix -icis root
\ere
adv. before.
\ergot
n. disease of rye etc. caused by fungus.
\ermine
n. (pl. same or -s)
o  stoat, esp. when white in winter.
o  its white fur, used to trim robes etc.

< French
\erogenous
adj. (of a part of the body) particularly sensitive¨
   to sexual stimulation.
\errand
n.
o  short journey, esp. on another's behalf, to take¨
   a message, collect goods etc.
o  object of such a journey.

< Old English
\errant
adj.
o  wandering.
o  straying outside proper bounds.
o  deviating from an accepted pattern or standard.
\erstwhile
[%r:stwail] adj. former, previous.

adv. archaic formerly.

< ere
\erudite
adj. learned.

erudition n. extensive learning;  scholarship.

< Latin eruditus instructed, cf. rude
\escapade
['esk%peid] n. piece of reckless behaviour.

< French < Provencal or Spanish, cf. escape
\eschatology
n. theology of death and final destiny.

eschatological adj.

< Greek eskhatos last
\eschew
v. formal avoid;  abstain from.

eschewal n.

< Germanic, cf. "shy"
\escrow
['eskrou, e'skrou] n. law
o  a written agreement, such as a contract bond (or¨
   money), put into the custody of a third party¨
   until certain conditions are fulfilled.
o  the state or condition of being an escrow (esp. in¨
   the phrase in escrow).

vt. to place (money, a document, etc.) in escrow

< Old French escroe < Germanic, cf. screed, shred,¨
   scroll
\-ese
suffix forming adjectival derivatives of place names¨
   (Viennese, Portugese).
\eslot
n. hollow above the breastbone at the base of the¨
   throat.

< Tolkien
\esoteric
adj. intelligible only to those with special¨
   knowledge.

< Greek esĻ within
\ESP
abbr. extrasensory perception.
\espionage
['espi%na:Ś] n. spying or use of spies.

< Latin, cf. spy
\espouse
[i'spauz] v.
o  adopt or support (a cause, doctrine, etc.).
o  archaic
a  (usu. of a man) marry.
b  (usu. foll. by to) give (a woman) in marriage.

< Latin spondeo betroth
\esprit
esprit [e'spri:] n. sprightliness, wit.

esprit de corps [de 'ko:(r)] devotion to and pride in¨
   one's group.

< French, cf. spirit
\espy
[i'spai] v. catch sight of.

< French, cf. spy
\essay
v. make an attempt at;  try.

essayer n.
\essence
n.
o  fundamental nature;  inherent characteristics.
o  extract got by distillation etc.
o  perfume.

of the essence indispensable.
in essence fundamentally.

< Latin esse to be
\establishment
n.
o  establishing or being established.
o  business organisation or public institution.
o  place of business.
o  residence.
o  staff of an organisation.
o  household.
o  organised body permanently maintained.
o  Church system organised by law.
o  (the Establishment) social group with authority or¨
   influence and resisting change.
\estrange
v.
o  (usu. in passive;  often foll. by from) alienate;¨
   make hostile or indifferent.
o  (as estranged adj.) (of a husband or wife) no¨
   longer living with his or her spouse.

estrangement n.
< Latin, cf. "strange"
\estrous
adj. (of a female animal) sexually receptive.
\estrus
US var. of "oestrus".
\estuary
n. a wide tidal river mouth.
\etch
v.
o  to make (a pattern) on a surface with acid.
o  to impress or imprint clearly.

etcher n.
\ether
n. medium formerly assumed to permeate all space.
\ethic
n. set of moral principles.
\ethics
n. moral philosophy.
\ethology
n.
o  the study of animal behaviour.
o  the science of the development of character (J.S.¨
   Mill).
\ethos
['i:0os]
n. characteristic spirit or attitudes of a community¨
   etc.

< Greek ×thos character
\etiolate
['i:ti%leit] v.
o  make (a plant) pale by excluding light.
o  give a sickly colour to (a person).

etiolation n.

< Latin stipula straw
\etiquette
['eti,ket] n. conventional rules of social behaviour¨
   and professional conduct.
\etymon
['eti,mon] n. pl. -mons or -ma a form of a word or¨
   morpheme, usually the earliest recorded form or¨
   a reconstructed form, from which another word or¨
   morpheme is derived (the etymon of English "ewe"¨
   is Indo-European "owi").

< Latin < Greek etumon basic meaning < etumos true,¨
   actual
\eugenics
n. the study of methods of improving the quality of¨
   the human race, esp. by selective breeding.

< Greek eugen×s well-born
\eulogy
n. praise.
\euphony
n. pleasing or agreeable sound, esp. of words¨
   pleasing the ear.

euphonious adj.
euphoniously adv.
\eurhythmic
[ju'ri0mik] adj.
o  characterised by a pleasing rhythm.
o  harmoniously ordered or proportioned.
\euthanasia
pj. eutanasie.
\evade
v. escape.
\evanescent
[ev%'nes(%)nt] adj. quickly fading.

evanescence n.
\evangelism
[i'v&ndŚ%,liz%m] n. preaching or spreading of the¨
   gospel.
\Evangelist
n. any of the authors of the four New Testament¨
   Gospels:  Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
\evasion
n.
o  evading.
o  evasive answer.

< Latin, cf. "evade"
\evening star
n. a planet, traditionally Venus, seen in the west at¨
   sunset.
\event
pj.
o  udĮlost, pŅÉhoda, pŅÉpad.
o  vŁsledek.

at all events v kaŚd×m pŅÉpadÅ, aŌ se stane cokoli.
in the event of his death jestliŚe zemŅe.
\everyday
attrib. adj.
o  occurring every day.
o  used on ordinary days.
o  commonplace.
\Everyman
n. ordinary or typical human being.

< name of a character in a 15th-c. morality play
\evidence
pj. dŹkaz, svÅdectvÉ, evidence.
\evince
v. indicate, display, show (emotion etc.).

< Latin
\evoke
v. inspire or draw forth (memories, a response,¨
   etc.).

evocation n.

< Latin voco call
\ewe
n. female sheep.
\ewer
n. water-jug with a wide mouth.

< Latin aqua water
\exacerbate
[ek's&s%,beit] v.
o  make (pain etc.) worse.
o  irritate (a person).

< Latin acerbus bitter
\exacting
adj. making great demands.
\exalt
[ig'zo:lt] v.
o  raise in rank, power or dignity.
o  praise highly;  glorify;  extol.
o  stimulate the mind or imagination;  excite.

s.
o  povŁÓit.
o  vynĮÓet chvĮlu.
\exasperate
v. irritate intensely.

< Latin asper rough
\Excalibur
[ek'sk&lib%] n. (in Arthurian legend) King Arthur's¨
   magic sword.
\exception
pj. vŁjimka.
\excerpt
['eks%:pt] n. short extract from a book, film etc.

[ik's%:pt] v. (also absol.) take excerpts from.

excerption [ik's%:pÓ(%)n] n.

< Latin carpo pluck
\excise
[ik'saiz] v.
o  to delete (a passage, sentence, etc. from a book¨
   etc.);  expunge.
o  to remove (an organ, structure, or part)¨
   surgically.

excision n.

< Latin excidere to cut down, cf. excide
\exclusive
adj.

exclusivity [eksklu:'siviti] n.
\excrescence
[ik'skre-] n. a projection or protuberance, esp. an¨
   outgrowth from an organ or part of the body.
\excruciating
adj. causing acute mental or physical pain.

excruciatingly adv.

< Latin crucio torment
\excursion
n.
\execrate
v.
o  express or feel abhorrence for.
o  (also absol.) curse (a person or thing).¨

execration n.

< Latin exsecror curse, cf. "sacred"
\execute
v.
o  carry out, perform (a plan, duty etc.).
o  carry out a design for (a product of art or¨
   skill).
\exegesis
[,eksi'dŚi:sis] n. (pl. exegeses [-si:z]) critical¨
   explanation of a text, esp. of Scripture.

exegetic [-'dŚetik] adj.

< Greek h×geomai lead
\exemplar
[ig'zempl%(r)] n.
o  model.
o  typical or parallel instance.
\exemplify
v. to illustrate by example.
\exhibitionism
n. tendency towards attention-seeking behaviour.
\exhilarate
v. raise the spirits of.
\exhort
[ig'zo:t] v. (often foll. by to + infin.) urge by¨
   strong argument or appeal;  admonish earnestly.

exhortation n.
exhortative adj.
exhortatory adj.

< Latin exhortor encourage
\exigency
['eksidŚ%nsi] n. (also exigence)
o  urgent need or demand.
o  emergency.

exigent adj.

< Latin exigo exact
\exiguous
adj. scanty, small.

exiguity n.

< Latin
\existential
adj. of or relating to existence.
\exit
n. and v.
\ex officio
adv. by right of position or office;  abbr. ex off.

< Latin
\exonerate
v. free or declare free from blame etc.
\exorbitant
adj. (of a price, demand, etc.) grossly excessive.
\exorcise
v.
o  to expel (a supposed evil spirit) by prayers,¨
   incantations, etc.
o  to free from evil spirits.

exorciser n.
exorcism n.
exorcist n.
\exordium
n. (pl. -s or -dia) introductory part, esp. of¨
   a discourse or treatise.

< Latin exordior begin
\exoteric
adj. suitable for communication to the general¨
   public.
\expanse
[ik'sp&ns] n. a wide continuous area of land, space¨
   etc.
\expansive
adj.
o  able or tending to expand.
o  extensive.
o  (of a person etc.) effusive, open.
\expatiate
v. (usu. foll. by on, upon) speak or write at length.

expatiation n.  expatiatory adj.

< Latin spatium space
\expedient
[ik'spi:di%nt] adj. advantageous;  advisable on¨
   practical rather than moral grounds.

n. a means of attaining an end;  resource.

expedience n.  expediency n.

< cf. "expedite"
\expedite
v. assist the progress of.
\expedition
n. speed.
\expiate
v. pay the penalty for or make amends for¨
   (wrongdoing).

\explicatory
adj.

explicative adj.
\explicit
adj.

explicitly adv.
\exploit
['eksploit] n. a notable act or feat, esp. one that¨
   is noble or heroic.

[ik'sploit] v.
o  to take advantage of (a person, situation, etc.),¨
   esp. unethically or unjustly for one's own ends¨
   (exploiting foreign workers).
o  to make the best use of (a poet who could exploit¨
   the English language, to exploit natural¨
   resources).

exploitable adj.  exploitation n.
exploitive or exploitative adj.

< Old French accomplishment < Latin explicitum¨
   (something) unfolded < explicĮre to explicate
\ex post facto
adj. and adv. with retrospective action or force.
\expound
v. set out in detail.
\exsecrate
v. express or feel abhorrence for.
\extant
[ek'st&nt] adj. still existing.

< Latin ex(s)to exist
\extension
n. logic the class of entities to which a given word¨
   correctly applies, e.g. the extension of satellite¨
   of Mars is the set containing only Deimos and¨
   Phobos.
\extenuate
[ik'stenjueit] v. (often as extenuating adj.) make¨
   (guilt or an offence) seem less serious by¨
   reference to another factor.

extenuation [-'eiÓ(%)n] n.

< Latin tenuis thin
\extirpate
v.
o  to uproot or cut out.
o  to destroy the whole of.

extirpation n.  extirpative adj.  extirpator n.
\extoll
v. praise highly, laud.
\extradite
v. hand over (an accused person etc.).
\extramundane
adj. of or pertaining to regions beyond the material¨
   world.
\extrapolate
v. (also absol.) calculate approximately from known¨
   data etc. (others which lie outside the range of¨
   those known).
\extraterrestrial
[-ti'restri%l] adj. outside the earth or its¨
   atmosphere.

n. (in science fiction) being from outer space.
\extrude
[ik'stru:d] v.
o  (foll. by from) thrust or force out.
o  shape metal, plastics, etc. by forcing them¨
   through a die.

extrusion n.  extrusive adj.

< Latin extrudo -trus- thrust out
\exuberant
adj.
o  lively, high-spirited.
o  lavish;  effusive.
o  growing abundantly;  prolific.

exuberance n.  exuberantly adv.
\exudation
--> exude
\exude
[ig'zju:d] v.
o  ooze out.
o  emit (a smell).
o  display (an emotion etc.) freely.

exudation pj. vŁpotek, vŁmÅÓek.

< Latin sudo sweat
\exult
[ig'zalt] v. be joyful;  to rejoice greatly as in¨
   a triumph.

exultation n.  exultant adj.
exultantly adv.

< Latin ex(s)ulto < salio salt- leap
\eyas
n. a nestling, esp. a young falcon taken from the¨
   nest for training.  Also, esp. Brit., eyass.¨

< 1480-90;  var. of nyas, nias (a nyas taken as an¨
   eyas) < Middle French niais nestling < Vulgar¨
   Latin nidacem, acc. of nidax, der. of Latin nidus¨
   nest
\fabliau
\fabric
['f&brik] n.
o  woven material;  cloth.
o  walls, floor, and roof of a building.
o  essential structure.

< Latin faber metal-worker
\facade
[f%'sa:d] n.
o  the face of a building, esp. the main front.
o  a front or outer appearance, esp. a deceptive one.

< French < Italian facciata < faccia face
\facile
adj. easily achieved but of little value.
\facon de parler
fa,con de parler
\faction
n. a literary genre at the intersection of fact and¨
   fiction.
\factoring
There are several types of factoring:
1.  Common factoring
2.  Differences of squares
3.  Sums and differences of cubes
4.  Trinomials - perfect square
5.  Trinomials - simple
6.  Grouping
7.  Complex.
\fad
n.
o  craze.
o  peculiar notion.
\faddy
adj. having petty likes and dislikes.

faddiness n.
\fag
n. slang cigarette.
\faggot
n. bundle of sticks.
\failure
pj.
o  neÕspÅch.
o  upadnutÉ, Õpadek.
\fain
archaic predic. adj. (foll. by to + infin.) willing¨
   or obliged to.

adv. gladly (esp. would fain).

< Old English
\fair-weather
adj.
o  used in or intended for fair weather only.
o  weakening or failing in time of trouble¨
   (fair-weather friends).

< 1730-40
\fairy
n. male homosexual.
\fall
v.

fall out quarrel.

the Fall n. Adam's sin and its results.
\fallow
n. ploughed land that is left unsown.
\familial
[f%'mili%l] adj. of a family or its members.
\Familiar
n. (often l.c.) an officer employed by the¨
   Inquisition to arrest suspects.
\family
pj. rodina, rod.

pŅj. rodinnŁ.
\famish
v. become extremely hungry.
\famulus
n. a close attendant, as to a scholar.
\fancy
v. colloq. find sexually attractive.
\fanfare
['f&nfe%(r)] n.
\farce
n.
o  low comedy with a ludicrously improbable plot.
o  this branch of drama.
o  absurdly futile proceedings;  pretence.

farcical adj.

< Latin farcio to stuff, used metaphorically of¨
   interludes, etc.
\far-fetched
adj. improbable in nature;  unlikely.
\farinaceous
adj.
o  made from or containing starch.
o  mealy or powdery in texture.
\faro
n. gambling game.
\farouche
adj. fierce.
\fart
v. coarse slang emit wind from the anus.
\farthing
n. coin and monetary unit worth one quarter of an old¨
   penny.
\fast
pj. pŹst.
\fasten
v.

fasten upon direct thoughts towards.
\fastidious
adj.
o  careful in all details;  meticulous.
o  very difficult to please;  fussy, excessively¨
   discriminatory.
o  easily disgusted;  squeamish.

fastidiously adv.  fastidiousness n.

< Latin fastidium loathing
\FAT
n. computing File Allocation Table.
\fatalism
n.
\fatality
n. predestined liability to disaster.
\Fata Morgana
['fat%mo:'ga:n%, Italian 'fa:tamor'ga:na] n.¨
   a mirage, esp. one in the Strait of Messina¨
   attributed to the sorcery of Morgan le Fay.

< Italian, Morgan le Fay
\fathom
['f&$(%)m] n. six feet.
\fatuous
adj. vacantly silly;  purposeless, idiotic.

fatuity n.  fatuously adv.  fatuousness n.

< Latin fatuus
\faucet
n. esp. US tap.
\faun
n. Latin rural deity with goat s horns, tail and¨
   legs.
\fauna
n.

< Latin Fauna, name of a rural goddess
\faux
adj. false, tactless.
\favour
n. (US favor)

< Latin faveo be kind to
\fawn1
n.
o  deer in its first year.
o  light yellowish brown.

adj. fawn-coloured.

v. (also absol.) give birth to (a fawn).

< Latin foetus
\fawn2
v.
o  (often foll. by on, upon) behave servilely;¨
   cringe.
o  (of esp. a dog) show extreme affection.

< Old English}
\fay
n. literary fairy.

< Latin fata pl., = goddesses of destiny
\fealty
['fi:%lti] n.
o  hist. fidelity to a feudal lord.
o  allegiance.

< Latin, cf. "fidelity"
\feat
n. remarkable act or achievement.

< Latin, cf. "fact"
\feather-bed
v. cushion, esp. financially.
\featly
adv.
o  suitably;  appropriately.
o  skillfully.
o  neatly;  elegantly.

adj. graceful;  elegant.

featliness n.

< 1300-50
\feature film
n. the main film at a motion picture theatre or in¨
   a television programme.
\feckless
adj.
o  feeble, ineffective.
o  unthinking, irresponsible.
\feedback
n.

negative feedback zpÅtnĮ vazba.
\feeding trough
trough.
\feeler
n.
o  organ for touching and feeling.
o  tentative proposal.
\feeling
pj.
o  cÉtÅnÉ.
o  cit, pocit.
o  soucit, jemnocit.
\feign
[fein] v. simulate;  pretend (feign madness).

< Latin fingo fict- mould, contrive
\feint
[feint] n.
o  sham attack or diversionary blow.
o  pretence.

v. make a feint.

adj. faint.

< French, cf. "feign"
\felicity
n. formal
o  intense happiness;  joy.
o  capacity for apt expression.
o  well-chosen phrase.
o  philosophy the appropriateness of a speech act.

< Latin felix happy
\fell1
past of "fall".
\fell2
v.
o  cut down (esp. a tree).
o  strike or knock down.
o  stitch down (the edge of a seam).

< Old English
\fell3
n. N. Engl.
o  hill.
o  stretch of hills or moorland.

< Old Norse
\fell4
adj. poet. or rhet. ruthless, destructive.

at (or in) one fell swoop in a single (orig. deadly)¨
   action.

< French, cf. "felon"
\fell5
n. animal's hide or skin with its hair.

< Old English
\fellatio
n. oral stimulation of the penis.

< Latin fello suck
\fend
v. look after.

fend off ward off.
\fere
n. archaic
o  a companion;  comrade;  friend.
o  a spouse.

< bef. 1000;  Middle English < Old English gef×ra,¨
   der. of f×ran to go;  akin to fare
\ferret
v. search out (criminals etc.).

n. small polecat used in catching rabbits.
\fester
v.
o  make or become septic.
o  cause continuing anger or bitterness.
o  rot, stagnate.

< Latin fistula
\festoon
pj. vÅncovÉ, girlanda.

vt. ovÅnĆit, ozdobit.
\Festschrift
n. volume of writing, usu. a collection of essays,¨
   celebrating a particular writer.

< German
\fete
fe^te [feit] n. saint's day.
\fetid
adj. stinking.

< Latin feteo stink
\fetish
n.
o  Psychol. abnormal object of sexual desire.
o  object worshipped by primitive peoples.
o  obsessional cause (makes a fetish of punctuality).
o  object regarded as having magical power;ž¨
   talisman.

fetishism n.  fetishist n.
fetishistic adj.

< Portugueses feiti o charm
\fetter
n.
o  shackle for the ankles.
o  (in pl.) captivity.
o  restraint.

v.
o  put into fetters.
o  restrict.

< Old English
\feud
n. prolonged hostility, esp. between families, tribes¨
   etc.

pj. svĮr.
\fianc×
[fi'onsei] n. (fem. fianc×e pronunc. same) a man or¨
   a woman one is engaged to.

< French
\fiat
[fai&t] n.
o  authorisation.
o  decree.

< Latin, = let it be done
\fib
n. trivial lie.
\fichu
[fiÓu:] n. woman's sheer triangular scarf, worn over¨
   the shoulders or around the neck, often with the¨
   ends tucked into a low neckline.

< French
\fickle
['fik(%)l] adj. inconstant, changeable, disloyal.

fickleness n.  fickly adv.

< Old English
\fidget
v. move or act restlessly or nervously.
\Fido
[faidou] name.
\fiduciary
[fi'du:Ói%ri] adj.
o  having the nature of a trust.
o  of or relating to a trust or trustee.

n. law a person bound to act for another's benefit,¨
   as a trustee in relation to his beneficiary.

< Latin, cf. "fiducial"
\fie
[fai] int. archaic expressing disgust, shame, etc.
¨
< French < Latin
\fiend
[fi:nd] n.
o  evil spirit, demon.
o  wicked or cruel person.
o  mischievous or annoying person.
o  slang devotee (fitness fiend).
o  difficult or unpleasant thing.

fiendish adj.  fiendishly adv.

< Old English
\fiery
adj.
o  consisting of or flaming with fire.
o  red.
\fiesta
n. holiday, festivity, or religious festival.
\fig
n. condition or form.
\figment
n. invented or imaginary thing.
\figurehead
n.
o  nominal leader.
o  wooden bust or figure at a ship's prow.
\filbert
n. cultivated hazel with edible nuts.
\filch
v. pilfer, steal.

< origin unknown
\file
pj. pilnÉk.
\filth
n. repugnant or extreme dirt.
\filthy lucre
dishonourable gain;  money.
\finale
[fi'na:li] n. last movement or section of a piece of¨
   music or drama etc.

< Italian, cf. final
\fin de si cle
n. of or characteristic of the sophistication and¨
   decadence that marked the last part of the 19th¨
   century.
\finery
n. showy dress or decoration.
\finesse
n. refinement.
\finger
['fi@g%(r)] n.

< Old English
\fingertip
n. tip of a finger.

have at one's fingertips be thoroughly familiar with¨
   (a subject etc.).
\finial
n. ornamental top or end of a roof, gable, etc.

< Anglo-French, cf. "fine"
\finishing school
n. a private school for girls.
\finitude
n. finite state or quality.

< 1635-45;  fini(te) + -tude
\firebrand
n.
o  piece of burning wood.
o  person causing trouble or unrest.
\firewall
pj.
o  poŚĮrnÉ clona.
o  poĆÉtaĆe sÉŌovĮ clona, bezpeĆnostnÉ brĮna.
\firmament
n. the sky regarded as a vault or arch.
\firsthand
adj. and adv. from the original source;  direct.
\fishmeal
n. ground dried fish as fertilizer or animal feed.
\fishwife
n.
o  coarse-mannered or noisy woman.
o  woman who sells fish.
\fissure
n. crack or split, usu. long and narrow.
\fistula
n. med. pÉÓtÅl.
\fitful
adj. spasmodic or intermittent.

fitfully adv.
\fixture
(pl.) articles attached to a house and regarded¨
   legally as a part of it.
\flaccid
['fl&ksid] adj. limp, flabby, drooping.

< Latin flaccus limp
\flag
v.
o  to hang limply;  droop.
o  to decline in vigour or strength;  weaken.
\flagrant
adj. blatant;  notorious;  scandalous.

flagrancy n.  flagrantly adv.

< Latin flagro blaze
\flail
n. a hand tool for threshing grain.
\flair
n. natural talent in a specific area.
\flak
[fl&k] (also flack) n.
o  anti-aircraft fire or artillery.
o  informal a great deal of adverse criticism.

< German flieger abwehr kanone, literally aircraft¨
   defence gun
\flamboyant
adj.
o  ostentatious;  showy.
o  floridly decorated or coloured.

flamboyance n.  flamboyantly adv.

< French flamb×
\flank
n. the right or left side of a formation.
\flare
v.
o  widen gradually.
o  (cause to) blaze brightly.
\flash card
--> flashcard
\flashcard
n. (also flash card) a card with words, numerals,¨
   etc., used as a teaching aid in rapid recognition¨
   drills.

< 1920-5
\flatter
sp. i sn. lichotit, pochlebovat.
\flaunt
v. display proudly;  show off;  parade.
\flay
v.
o  strip the skin or hide off, esp. by beating.
o  criticise severely.
o  peel off (skin, bark, peel, etc.).
o  extort money etc. from.

< Old English
\fledge
v.
o  (of a young bird) to grow feathers.
o  (also fletch) provide or deck (an arrow etc.) with¨
   feathers.
\fleece
n.
o  the woolly coat of a sheep etc.
o  wool sheared from a sheep at one time.
o  thing resembling a fleece, esp. soft fabric for¨
   lining etc.

v.
o  (often foll. by of) strip of money, valuables,¨
   etc.;  swindle.
o  shear (sheep etc.).
o  cover as if with a fleece (sky fleeced with¨
   clouds).

fleecy adj.

< Old English
\fleet
adj. swift, nimble.
\Flemish
n. the Germanic language of Flanders.
\flesh
pj.
o  maso.
o  tÅlesnost, smyslnost.
\flick
n. light sharp blow with a whip etc.
\flicker
v. (of light or flame) shine or burn unsteadily.
\flinch
v. draw back in fear etc.;  wince.
\flint
n.
o  hard grey siliceous stone.
o  piece of this, esp. as a primitive tool or weapon.
o  piece of hard alloy used to give a spark.
o  anything hard and unyielding.

flinty adj.

< Old English
\flippant
adj. casually disrespectful;  pert.
\flit
v. move lightly, softly or rapidly.
\float
pj. plovĮk.
\flock
pj. hejno, stĮdo.
\floorbrush
pj. rŁŚĮk (druh kartĮĆe).
\flop
n. failure.
\floppy
adj. tending to flop;  flaccid.

pj. vŁp.tech. pruŚnŁ kotouĆ.
\flora
n.

< Latin Flora, name of the goddess of flowers
\Florence
pj. Florencie.
\florescence
n. bloom.
\flotsam and jetsam
n.
o  odds and ends.
o  vagrants.
\flounder
v. to struggle helplessly as if wading in mud.
\flout
v. disobey (the law etc.) contemptuously;  mock;¨
   insult.

n. flouting speech or act.

Usage:  Flout is often confused with flaunt which¨
   means "to display proudly", "show off".

< Dutch fluiten whistle, cf. flute
\flower symbolism
Christian flower symbolism
lily       purity, virginity
violet     humility
hyacinth   power or peace
daisy      innocence
tulip      prayer
sunflower  soul longing for God
lotus      eloquence
marigold   jealousy
\fluke
n. lucky accident.
\flume
[flu:m] n.
o  deep narrow defile containing a mountain stream or¨
   torrent.
o  artificial channel or trough for conducting water,¨
   as one used to transport logs or provide water¨
   power.
o  amusement park ride in which passengers are¨
   conveyed through a water-filled chute or over¨
   a water slide.
\flummery
['flam%ri] n.
o  flattery;  nonsense.
o  sweet dish made with beaten eggs, sugar, etc.

< Welsh
\flunkey
n.
o  a servile or fawning person;  a toady.
o  a person who does menial or trivial work.
\flunky
--> flunkey
\flurry
['flari] n. a gust or squall (of snow, rain etc.).

v. confuse, agitate.
\flush
v. blush.
\fluster
v.
o  make or become nervous or confused (he flusters¨
   easily).
o  bustle.

n. confused or agitated state.

< origin unknown
\flutter
v. wave or flap quickly.
\fly-paper
n. sticky treated paper for catching flies.
\fob1
n.
o  chain of a pocket-watch.
o  small pocket for a watch etc.
o  tab on a key-ring.

< German
\fob2
v. (-bb-) fob off
o  (often foll. by with a thing) deceive into¨
   accepting something inferior.
o  (often foll. by on or on to a person) offload (an¨
   unwanted thing).

< cf. obsolete fop dupe
\fodder
n. dried hay or straw etc. as animal food.

< Old English
\foible
n. minor weakness or idiosyncrasy.

< French, cf. "feeble"
\foil1
v. frustrate, baffle, defeat.

< perhaps < French fouler trample
\foil2
n.
o  metal rolled into a very thin sheet.
o  person or thing setting off another to advantage.
¨
< Latin folium leaf
\foil3
n. light blunt fencing sword.

< origin unknown
\foist
v. (foll. by on) force (a thing or oneself) on to an¨
   unwilling person.

< Dutch vuisten take in the hand
\fold
n. religious group or congregation.
\folliculaire
n. pamphleteer.
\follow
v.
follow up
o  develop, supplement.
o  investigate further.
\follower
pj. nĮsledovnÉk, pŅÉvrŚenec.
\folly
n.
o  foolishness.
o  foolish act, behaviour, idea, etc.
o  fanciful ornamental building created for display.

< French folie < fol mad, fool
\font
n. a receptacle in a church for baptismal water.
¨
< Latin fons font- fountain

pj. pÉsmo, Ņez (pÉsma).
\fool
[fu:l] pj.
o  poÓetilec, hlupĮk.
o  ÓaÓek.
\foolhardy
adj. rashly or foolishly bold.
\foot
n. infantry.
\footer
poĆÉtaĆe patka.
\foothold
n. secure place for a foot when climbing etc.
\footman
n. liveried servant.
\footplate
n. a platform for the crew in a locomotive.
\fop
n. dandy.

foppery n.  foppish adj.

< perhaps < obsolete fop fool
\forage
n.
o  food for horses and cattle.
o  searching for food.
\foray
['forei] n. sudden attack, raid.
\forbear1
v. formal (forbear-forbore-forborn) to abstain or¨
   desist (from) (could not forbear (from) speaking¨
   out;  forbore to mention it).

< Old English, cf. "bear"
\forbear2
var. of forebear
\forebode
v. to give a warning or a hint of.
\forefinger
n. finger next to the thumb.
\forego
var. of forgo.
\foremost
adj.
o  most notable, best.
o  first, front.

adv. most importantly (first and foremost).

< Old English
\forensic
[fo'rensik] adj. of or used in courts of law¨
   (forensic medicine).
\foresee
[fo:'si:] v. (foresee-foresaw-foreseen) see or be¨
   aware of beforehand.

foreseeable adj.
\foreskin
n. the fold of skin covering the end of penis.
\forestall
[fo:'sto:l] v.
o  prevent by advance action.
o  deal with beforehand.

< fore- + stall
\forfeit
n.
o  penalty.
o  thing surrendered as a penalty.

adj. lost or surrendered as a penalty.

v. (-t-) lose the right to, surrender as a penalty.¨

forfeiture n.

< French forfaire transgress < Latin foris outside,¨
   facio do
\forfend or forefend
vt.
o  to defend, secure, or protect.
o  to fend off, avert, or prevent.
o  archaic to forbid.

< 1350-1400
\forge
n. a furnace or hearth where metals are heated and¨
   wrought;  smithy.
\forgo
v. (also forego) (forgo-forwent-forgone) go without;¨
   relinquish.

< Old English
\forlorn
adj. deserted; abandoned.
\format
pj. poĆÉtaĆe
o  tvar souboru (napŅ. Text602, WordPerfect,¨
   Acrobat).
o  formĮt kotouĆe (napŅ. 360 kB, 1,44 MB).
\forsake
v. literary (forsake-forsook-forsaken)
o  give up;  renounce.
o  desert, abandon.

< Old English
\forsooth
adv. archaic or joc. truly;  no doubt.

< Old English for + sooth
\forswear
v. [fo:'sw%:(r)] (forswear-forswore-forsworn)
o  abjure;  renounce.
o  (as forsworn adj.) perjured.

forswear oneself perjure oneself.

< Old English
\forth
forward.
\forthwith
adv. at once;  without delay.

<forth
\fortnight
n. two weeks.
\fortuitous
adj. happening esp. by lucky chance;  accidental.

fortuitously adv.  fortuitousness n.  fortuity n.

< Latin forte by chance
\forum
n. place of or meeting for public discussion.
\fossil
n.
o  remains or impression of a (usu. prehistoric)¨
   plant or animal hardened in rock.
o  colloq. antiquated or unchanging person or thing.¨

attrib. adj. of or like a fossil;  antiquated.¨

fossilise v. (-ize)  fossilisation n.

< Latin fodio foss- dig
\foster
v. promote the growth or development of.

attrib. adj.
o  having a family connection by fostering¨
   (foster-brother;  foster-parent)
o  concerned with fostering a child (foster care;¨
   foster home).

< Old English, cf. "food"
\founder
v.
o  (of a ship) fill with water and sink.
o  (of a plan etc.) fail.
o  (of a horse or its rider) stumble, fall lame,¨
   stick in mud etc.

< found
\fount1
n. fountain.
\fount2
n. (also font) set of printing-type.
\fountainhead
n.
o  a spring that is the source of a stream.
o  a primary source or origin.
\fountain-head
--> fountainhead
\fovea
n.
o  pit.
o  fovea centralis.
\foyer
n. entrance-hall in a hotel, theatre etc.
\fracas
n. (pl. same) noisy disturbance or quarrel.

< French < Italian
\frailty
n. weakness, foible.
\franchise
pj. SA koncese.
\franglais
n. a corrupt version of French using many English¨
   words and idioms.

< French franc,ais French, anglais English
\frankincense
['fr&@kinsens] n. aromatic gum resin burnt as¨
   incense.

< French:  related to frank in obsolete sense "high¨
   quality" + incense
\franklin
['fr&@klin] n. (in England in the 14th and 15th cc.)¨
   a freeholder who was not of noble birth.
\fraught
adj.
o  (foll. by with) filled or charged with (danger¨
   etc.).
o  colloq. distressing;  tense.
o  attended;  accompanied.

fraughtage n. cargo.

< Dutch vracht freight
\FrŃulein
['froilain] n. unmarried German-speaking woman.
\fray
n. a fight or scuffle.
\freak
n.
o  (often attrib.) monstrosity;  abnormal person or¨
   thing (freak storm).
o  colloq.
a  unconventional person.
b  fanatic of a specified kind (health freak).
c  drug addict.

v. (often foll. by out) colloq.
o  become or make very angry.
o  (cause to) undergo hallucinations etc., esp. as¨
   a result of drug abuse.
o  adopt an unconventional lifestyle.

freakish adj.  freaky adj.

< probably dial.
\free
adj. (freer, freest)
\freeloader
n. slang a person who habitually depends on the¨
   charity of others for food, shelter, etc.

freeloading n.
\freethinker
[fri:'0i@k%(r)] n. person who rejects dogma or¨
   authority, esp. in religious belief.

freethinking n. and adj.
\free wheel
n. driving wheel of a bicycle, able to revolve with¨
   the pedals at rest.

free-wheel v.
o  ride a bicycle with the pedals at rest.
o  act without constraint.
\freight
[freit] n.
o  transport of goods in containers or by water or¨
   air, or (US) by land.
o  goods transported;  cargo, load.
o  charge for the transport of goods.

v. transport as or load with freight.

< Low German or Dutch vrecht
\French window
pj. prosklen× dveŅe.
\fret1
v. (-tt-)
o  be worried or distressed.
o  worry, vex.
o  wear or consume by gnawing or rubbing.

n. worry, vexation.

< Old English for eat
\fret2
n. ornamental pattern of straight lines joined usu.¨
   at right angles.

v. (-tt-) embellish with a fret or with carved or¨
   embossed work.

< French freter
\fret3
n. each of a series of bars or ridges on the¨
   finger-board of a guitar etc.

v. to guide fingering.

< origin unknown
\fretful
adj. anxious, irritable.
\friar
n. member of a male non-enclosed Roman Catholic¨
   order, e.g. Carmelites and Franciscans.

< Latin frater brother
\fricative
['frik%tiv] adj. (of a consonant, e.g. v) sounded by¨
   friction of the breath in a narrow opening.

< Latin frico rub
\frieze
[fri:z] n.
o  part of an entablature between the architrave and¨
   cornice.
o  horizontal band of sculpture filling this.
o  band of decoration, esp. at the top of a wall.

< Latin Phrygium (opus) Phrygian (work)
\frill
n.
o  strip of gathered or pleated material as an¨
   ornamental edging.
o  (in pl.) unnecessary embellishments.

v. decorate with a frill.

frilly adj.

< origin unknown
\fringe
n.
o  border of tassels or loose threads.
o  front hair hanging over the forehead.
o  outer limit of an area, population, etc. (often¨
   attrib.:  fringe theatre).
o  unimportant area or part.

v.
o  adorn with a fringe.
o  serve as a fringe to.

pj.
o  obruba, lem.
o  tŅepenÉ.
o  ofina.

vt. tŅepenÉm lemovat.

< Latin fimbria
\frivolous
adj.
o  not serious, silly, shallow.
o  paltry, trifling.

frivolity [-'voliti] n.  frivolously adv.

frivolousness n.

< Latin
\frizz
v. form (hair) into tight curls.
\frizzle
n. hair formed into tight curls.
\frock
n. woman's or girl's dress.
\frolic
v. (-ck-) play about cheerfully.

n.
o  cheerful play.
o  prank.
o  merry party.

< Dutch vrolijk (adj.) < vro glad
\frolicsome
adj. merry, playful.
\frontispiece
n. an illustration facing the title-page of a book.
\froth
n.
o  foam.
o  idle and amusing talk etc.
\frugal
adj.
o  sparing or thrifty, esp. as regards food.
o  meagre, cheap.

frugality n.  frugally adv.

< Latin
\fruition
n.
o  bearing of fruit.
o  realisation of aims or hopes.

< Latin, cf. "fruit"
\frustrate
[fra'streit] v.
o  make (efforts) ineffective.
o  prevent (a person) from achieving a purpose.

frustrated adj.
o  discontented because unable to achieve one's aims.
o  sexually unfulfilled.

frustrating adj.  frustratingly adv.  frustration n.

< Latin frustra in vain
\FRY
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
\frying pan
pj. pĮnev.

out of the frying pan into the fire z blĮta do louŚe.

out of the frying pan into the fire from a bad¨
   situation to a worse one.
\FT-SE
abbr. Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 share index¨
   (based on the share values of Britain's largest¨
   public companies).
\fudge
v. fake.
\fulcrum
n. point on which a lever is supported.
\fulfil
v. (-ll-;  US fulfill)
\fulltext
pŅj. poĆÉtaĆe plnotextovŁ;  zpŹsob hledĮnÉ ŅetÅzce,¨
   kterŁ se neomezuje na nĮzev Ći popis souboru,¨
   nŁbrŚ hledĮ v cel×m souboru.
\fulsome
adj. excessive, cloying, insincere (fulsome praise).

fulsomely adv.

Usage:  The phrase fulsome praise is sometimes¨
   wrongly used to mean generous praise rather than¨
   excessive praise.

< full
\fumble
v. use the hands awkwardly.
\funk
n.
o  fear, panic.
o  coward.
\furtive
adj. stealthy, surreptitious.

furtively adv.  furtiveness n.
\fuselage
['fju:zi,la:Ś] n. body of an aeroplane.

< French fuseau spindle
\fusiform
adj. with tapered ends.
\fusil
n. light musket.
\fuss
n.
o  excited commotion, bustle.
o  excessive concern about a trivial thing.
o  sustained protest or dispute.
\futharc
n. (also futhark, futhorc, futhork) the runic¨
   alphabet.

< 1850-5;  so called from its first six letters:¨
   f, u, th, a (or o), r, k (modelled on alphabet)
\fuzzy
adj.
o  like fuzz, fluffy.
o  blurred, indistinct.

fuzzily adv.  fuzziness n.
\FY
abbr. fiscal year.
\gabble
v. talk or utter unintelligibly or too fast.

n. fast unintelligible talk.

< Dutch, imitative
\gable
['geib(%)l] n. ÓtÉt, lomenice.
\Gaelic
['geilik] n. Celtic language of Ireland and Scotland.

adj. of the Celts or the Celtic languages.
\gag
n.
o  thing thrust into or tied across the mouth, esp.¨
   to prevent speaking or crying out.
o  joke or comic scene.
o  parliamentary closure.
o  thing restricting free speech.

v. (-gg-)
o  apply a gag to.
o  silence;  deprive of free speech.
o  choke, retch.
o  make gags as a comedian etc.

< origin uncertain}
\gage1
n.
o  pledge;  thing deposited as security.
o  symbol of a challenge to fight, esp. a glove¨
   thrown down.

< Germanic, cf. "wed", "wage"
\gage2
US var. of "gauge".
\gainsay
v.
o  deny, contradict.
o  refute.
\gait
pj. chŹze, krok.
\gale
n. very strong wind or storm.
\Galilean
n. Christian.
\gall
v. to irritate;  vex.

n. sore made by chafing.
\gallant
['g&l%nt] adj.
o  brave.
o  fine, stately.
o  [g%'l&nt] very attentive to women.

[g%'l&nt] n. ladies' man.

gallantly ['g&l%ntli] adj.

< French galer make merry
\gallbladder
pj. ŚluĆnÉk.
\gallop
n. the fastest pace of a horse with all feet off the¨
   ground in each stride.
\galore
adv. in plenty (whisky galore).

< Irish
\gambit
n.
o  an opening move in a discussion etc.
o  a chess opening in which a pawn or piece is¨
   offered in exchange for a favourable position.
o  an opening stratagem in a game etc.
\game show
n. a radio or television programme in which¨
   contestants answer questions or play games in¨
   order to win prizes.
\gamut
n. entire range or scope.

run the gamut of experience or perform the complete¨
   range of.

< Latin gamma ut, words arbitrarily taken as names of¨
   notes
\ganglion
n.
o  an encapsulated collection of nerve-cell bodies,¨
   usually located outside the brain and spinal cord.
o  any concentration or centre of energy, activity,¨
   or strength.
o  a cystic tumour on a tendon sheath or joint¨
   capsule.

< Latin swelling < Greek cystic tumour
\garage
n. building for housing a vehicle.
\garb
n. clothing, esp. a distinctive kind.

v. (usu. in passive or refl.) dress.

< Germanic, cf. "gear"
\gargantuan
[ga:'g&ntju%n] adj. gigantic.

< the name of Gargantua, a giant in Rabelais
\garish
adj. obtrusively bright;  showy;  gaudy.

garishly adv.  garishness n.

< obsolete gaure stare
\garner
v.
o  collect.
o  store.
\garnish
v. decorate (esp. food).
\garret
n. attic or room in a roof.

< French, = watch-tower garison
\garrison
n. permanent military post or the troops stationed¨
   there.
\garrulous
adj. talkative.
\garter
n.
o  band worn to keep a sock or stocking up.
o  (the Garter)
a  highest order of English knighthood.
b  badge or membership of this.

< French
\gas
[g&s] n.
\gash
n. long deep slash, cut, or wound.

v. make a gash in;  cut.

< French
\gastritis
n. chronic or acute inflammation of the stomach.
\gastropod
n. a snail or related mollusk having a single, usu.¨
   coiled shell and a broad, muscular organ of¨
   locomotion.

gastropodous adj.
\gaudy
['go:di] adj.
o  tastelessly showy.
o  too brightly coloured and showy;  garish.

gaudily adv.  gaudiness n.

< obsolete gaud ornament < Latin gaudeo rejoice
\gauge
[geidŚ] v. to measure exactly.

< French
\Gaul
n.
o  a province of the ancient Roman Empire.
o  a Frenchman.
\gaunt
[go:nt] adj.
o  lean, haggard.
o  grim, desolate.

gauntness n.

< origin unknown
\gauntlet1
['go:ntlit] n.
o  stout glove with a long loose wrist.
o  hist. armoured glove.

pick up (or take up) the gauntlet accept a challenge.

throw down the gauntlet issue a challenge.

< French diminutive of gant glove
\gauntlet2
n.

run the gauntlet
o  undergo harsh criticism.
o  pass between two rows of people and receive blows¨
   from them, as a punishment or ordeal.

< Swedish gatlopp < gata lane + lopp course
\gauze
n. thin transparent fabric of silk, cotton etc.
\gavotte
n. a French peasant dance resembling the minuet.
\gawp
v. colloq. stare stupidly or obtrusively.

< yelp
\gazelle
n. any of various slender, swift-running horned¨
   mammals of Africa and Asia.
\geek
[gi:k] n. slang
o  carnival performer billed as performing¨
   sensationally morbid or disgusting acts, as biting¨
   off the head of a live chicken.
o  any strange or eccentric person.

< 1915-20;  prob. var. of geck (mainly Scots) fool¨
   < Dutch or Low German gek
\Gehenna
n. place of torment or suffering.
\geld
[geld] v. castrate.

< Old Norse
\gelding
n. gelded animal, esp. a horse.
\gendarme
n. policeman.

< French
\genial
adj.
o  jovial, sociable, kindly.
o  (of the climate) mild and warm;  conducive to¨
   growth.
o  cheering.

geniality n.  genially adv.

< Latin, cf. "genius"
\genie
n. (pl. genii [-niai]) (in Arabian tales) spirit or¨
   goblin with magical powers.

< French g×nie genius, jinnee
\genius
n. (pl. geniuses or genii)
\genteel
[dŚen'ti:l] adj.
o  affectedly refined or stylish.
o  upper-class.

genteelly adv.

< French gentil, cf. gentle
\Gentile
['dŚentail] adj. not Jewish;  heathen.

n. person who is not Jewish.

< Latin gentilis < gens family
\gentry
n. people next below the nobility.
\genuine
adj.
o  really coming from its reputed source etc.
o  properly so called;  not sham;  sincere.

genuinely adv.  genuineness n.

Usage:  In philosophy, genuine refers to the external¨
   (genuine leather), whereas authentic refers to the¨
   individual himself (he is an authentic Catholic¨
   - he does not just attend the Mass on Sunday but¨
   he lives by the Bible to the very depths of his¨
   soul).

< Latin
\geometry
geometrician n.
\geriatrics
n. branch of medicine or social science dealing with¨
   the health and care of old people.
\germane
adj. relevant (to a subject).
\gerrymander
['dŚeri,m&nd%(r)] v. manipulate the boundaries of¨
   (a constituency etc.) so as to give undue¨
   influence to some party or class.

n. this practice.

< Governor Gerry of Massachusetts
\gesticulate
[dŚe'stikjuleit] v.
\gherkin
n. small pickled cucumber.

< 1655-65;  < Dutch gurken, pl. of gurk (German¨
   Gurke) < Slavic;  cf. Polish ogĻrek, Czech okurka¨
   << Persian
\ghoul
[gu:l] n. person morbidly interested in death etc.

< Arabic
\GI
n. a soldier of the US Army, esp. an enlisted man.

< abbr. of government issue
\gibber
v. jabber inarticulately.
\gibbet
n. hist.
o  gallows.
o  post with an arm on which an executed criminal was¨
   hung.
o  (prec. by the) death by hanging.

v. (-t-)
o  put to death by hanging.
o  expose or hang up on a gibbet.

< French gibet
\gibbon
n. long-armed anthropoid ape.
\gibe
[dŚaib] (also jibe) v. (often foll. by at) jeer,¨
   mock.

n. jeering remark, taunt.

perhaps < French giber handle roughly
\giddy
['gidi] adj.
o  dizzy, tending to fall or stagger.
o  mentally intoxicated (giddy with success).
o  excitable, frivolous, flighty.
o  making dizzy (giddy heights).

giddily adv.  giddiness n.

< Old English
\gimlet
['gi-] small tool with screw point and cross handle¨
   for boring.

pj. nebozez.
\gimme
[gimi] v. colloq. give me.

< 1880-5;  American English
\gin
n.
\gingerbread
pj. zĮzvorky.
\gingerly
adv. in a careful or cautious manner.
\gird
v. encircle.
\girdle
n.
o  something (as a belt or sash) that encircles or¨
   confines.
o  woman's supporting undergarment that extends from¨
   the waist to below the hips.
\girt
gird.
\gist
[dŚist] n. substance or essence of a matter.
\give
[giv] v. (give-gave-given)

give the game (or show) away reveal a secret or¨
   intention.
\glade
n. open space in a forest.

< origin unknown
\glamour
n. physical, esp. cosmetic, attractiveness.
\glean
v. acquire (facts) in small amounts.
\glee
n.
o  mirth;  delight.
o  part-song for three or more (esp. male) voices.

< Old English
\glen
n. narrow valley.
\glib
adj. of a fluent but insincere speech.

glibly adv.  glibness n.

< obsolete glibbery slippery, perhaps imitative
\glint
v. flash, glitter.

n. flash, sparkle.

< probably Scandinavian
\glister
v. archaic glitter.
\glitch
n.
o  a sudden instance of malfunctioning or¨
   irregularity in an electronic system.
o  a change in the rotation rate of a pulsar.
\gloat
v. look or consider with greed, malice etc.
\globalisation
pj. svÅtovÅk, globalisace, zemÅkoulisace.
\gloire
n. glory.
\glose
var. of gloze.
\gloss
n. an explanatory comment added to a text, e.g. in¨
   the margin.

< Latin glossa tongue
\glottal
['glot(%)l] adj. of the glottis.
\glottis
['glotis] n. opening at the upper end of the windpipe¨
   and between the vocal cords.
\gloze
vt. to explain away;  extenuate; gloss over.

vi. archaic to make glosses;  comment.

n.
o  archaic flattery or deceit.
o  obs. a specious show.

glozingly adv.

< 1250-1300 Middle English < Old French gloser <¨
   Medieval Latin glossĮre, cf. gloss
\glut
n.
o  a supply exceeding demand.
o  full indulgence;  surfeit.
\glutton
n. greedy eater.
\gluttony
n. greed or excess in eating.
\gnash
[n&Ó] v.
o  grind (the teeth).
o  (of the teeth) strike together.

< Old Norse
\gnat
[n&t] n. small two-winged biting fly.

pj. komĮr.

< Old English
\gnomic
adj. relating to gnomes or aphorisms.
\gnomon
n. rod or pin etc. on a sundial, showing the time by¨
   its shadow.
\gnosis
n. knowledge of spiritual matters;  mystical¨
   knowledge.

< 1695-1705 New Latin < New Greek gnĻsis inquiry,¨
   knowledge = (gi)gnĻ(skein) to know + -sis -sis
\gnostic
n. (Gnostic) an early Christian heretic claiming¨
   mystical knowledge.
\goad
n.
o  spiked stick used for urging cattle forward.
o  anything that torments or incites.

v.
o  urge on with a goad.
o  (usu. foll. by on, into) irritate;  stimulate.

< Old English
\goatee
n. small pointed beard.
\goatherd
n. person who tends goats.
\gobbledygook
n. pompous or unintelligible jargon.
\go-between
n. intermediary.
\goblet
n. drinking vessel with a foot and stem.
\godhead
n. (also Godhead)
o  state of being God or a god.
o  divine nature.
o  deity.
o  (the Godhead) God.
\goitre
['goit%(r)] n. (US goiter) morbid enlargement of the¨
   thyroid gland.

< Latin guttur throat
\goner
['gon%r] n. slang person or thing that is doomed or¨
   irrevocably lost.
\gonorrhoea
n. veneral disease with inflammatory discharge from¨
   the urethra or vagina.
\goo
n. colloq.
o  sticky or slimy substance.
o  sickly sentiment.

< origin unknown
\goodman
n. archaic
o  the master of a household;  husband.
o  (usu. Goodman) a title of respect used for a man¨
   below the rank of gentleman.
\goodwill
n.
o  kindly feeling.
o  established reputation of a business etc. as¨
   enhancing its value.
o  willingness to undertake unpaid duties.
\good will
n. intention that good will result (see also¨
   goodwill).
\gooey
adj.
o  viscous, sticky.
o  sentimental.

< goo
\goof
n. foolish or stupid person.

< Latin gufus coarse
\goosefoot
n. plant with greenish flowers, often regarded as¨
   a weed.
\gore
gore1 n. blood shed and clotted.

< Old English, = dirt

gore2 v. pierce with a horn, tusk, etc.

< origin unknown

gore3
n.
o  wedge-shaped piece in a garment.
o  triangular or tapering piece in an umbrella etc.

v. shape (a garment) with a gore.

< Old English, = triangle of land
\Gorgias
['go:gi%s]
\gorgon
n. each of the three mythological sisters who had the¨
   power to turn to stone anyone who looked at them.
\gormandise
v. to eat greedily or ravenously.

gormandiser n.
\gospel
['gosp%l] n.
o  (Gospel) any of the first four books of the New¨
   Testament, namely Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,¨
   that record Christ's life and teaching.
o  the teachings of Christ and the Apostles.
o  the good news of salvation in Jesus Christ.
o  (also gospel truth) an unquestionable truth (to¨
   take someone's word as gospel).
o  a doctrine maintained to be of great importance.
o  Black religious music originating in the churches¨
   of the Southern states of the United States.
o  the message or doctrine of a religious teacher.

< Old English gĻdspell < gĻd good + spell message;¨
   cf. Old Norse guthspjall, Old High German¨
   guotspell

pj. zvÅstovĮnÉ.
\gouge
[gaudŚ]
n. chisel with a concave blade.

v. (gouging)
o  cut with or as with a gouge.
o  (followed by out) force out (esp. an eye with the¨
   thumb) with or as with a gouge.

< Latin gubia
\goulash
n. a rich stew, originating in Hungary.
\gourmet
['gu%mei] n. connoisseur of good food.

< French
\gout
n. disease with inflammation of the smaller joints,¨
   esp. of the toe.

gouty adj.

< Latin gutta drop
\grace
n.
o  courteous good will.
o  (in Christian belief) the unmerited favour of God.
\gracious
adj. kind, merciful.
\grade
n.
o  certain degree in rank, merit, proficiency, etc.
o  class of persons or things of the same grade.
o  mark indicating the quality of a student's work.
o  US class in school.
o  gradient, slope.

v.
o  arrange in grades.
o  (foll. by up, down, off, into, etc.) pass¨
   gradually between grades, or into a grade.
o  give a grade to (a student).
o  reduce (a road etc.) to easy gradients.

< Latin gradus step
\graft
graft1 [gra:ft] n.
o  bot. shoot or scion inserted into a slit of stock,¨
   from which it receives sap.
o  bot. place where a graft is inserted.
o  Surgery piece of living tissue, organ, etc.,¨
   transplanted surgically.
o  slang hard work.

v.
o  (often followed by into, on, together, etc.)¨
   insert (a scion) as a graft.
o  transplant (living tissue).
o  (followed by in, on) insert or fix (a thing)¨
   permanently to another.
o  slang work hard.

< Greek graphion stylus

graft2 [gra:ft]
n.
o  practices, esp. bribery, used to secure illicit¨
   gains in politics or business.
o  such gains.

v. seek or make such gains.

< origin unknown
\grail
pj. grĮl.
\gramercy
interj. archaic (used as an exclamation expressing¨
   surprise or sudden strong feeling.)

< 1300-50;  Middle English gramerci, grantmerci < Old¨
   French grand merci great thanks, cf. grand, mercy
\gramophone
n.
\grandam
n. (also grandame)
o  grandmother.
o  an old woman.
\grandeur
n. majesty, splendour.
\granola
n. a breakfast cereal of rolled oats, nuts, dried¨
   fruit, brown sugar etc.

< 1870-5;  originally a trademark + -ola
\grapefruit
['greip,fru:t] n. (pl. -fruit or -fruits)
o  a tropical or subtropical evergreen rutaceous¨
   tree, Citrus paradisi.
o  the large round edible fruit of this tree, which¨
   has yellow rind and juicy slightly bitter pulp.
\grapple
['gr&p(%)l] v.
o  (often foll. by with) fight in close combat.
o  (foll. by with) try to manage (a difficult problem¨
   etc.).
o  grip with the hands;  come to close quarters with.
o  seize with or as with a grapnel.

n.
o  hold or grip in or as in wrestling.
o  contest at close quarters.
o  clutching-instrument;  grapnel.

< French grapil grapnel
\grating
n. framework of parallel or crossed metal bars.
\gratuitous
[gr%'tju:it%s] adj.
o  provided free of charge.
o  uncalled-for;  lacking good reason.

gratuitously adv.  gratuitousness n.

< Latin, = spontaneous
\gravitation
pj. tÉŚe (earth gravitation zemskĮ tÉŚe).
\greave
n. armour for the shin.
\Grecian
['gri:Ó%n] adj. (of architecture or facial outline)¨
   Greek.

< Latin Graecia Greece
\greenwood
n. wood in summer.

pj. lesnÉ zeleĪ, stromovÉ.
\gregarious
adj.
o  fond of company.
o  living in flocks or communities.

gregariousness n.

< Latin grex gregis flock
\grenade
n. usu. a small bomb thrown by hand.
\Grey Friar
n. Franciscan friar.
\griddle
n. flat pan used for cooking pancakes, bacon, etc.
\grime
n. soot or dirt ingrained in a surface.

v. blacken with grime;  befoul.

griminess n.  grimy adj.

< Low German or Dutch
\gripe
v.
o  colloq. complain.
o  affect with gastric pain.

n.
o  (usu. in pl.) colic.
o  colloq. complaint.
o  grip, clutch.

< Old English
\Griselda
[gri'zeld%] n. a woman of humble origins in medieval¨
   legend who endures tests of wifely patience laid¨
   on her by her wellborn husband.

< ME < Italian
\grist
n. corn to grind.

grist to the (or a person's) mill source of profit or¨
   advantage.

< Old English, cf. "grind"
\gristle
n. tough and flexible animal tissue;  cartilage.
\groovy
adj. excellent.
\ground
[graund]
pj.
o  pŹda, ter×n.
o  kraj, zemÅ.
o  mÉsto, pozemek, pole.
o  statek.
o  posice.
o  dno, podklad.
o  zĮklad.
o  mn.Ć. polnosti, zĮklady.
o  mn.Ć. (kĮvovĮ) sedlina.
o  mn.Ć. park.

to give ground, lose ground zrĮcet pŹdu, ustoupit
to break fresh ground vzdÅlat panenskou pŹdu (t׌¨
   pŅenesenÅ)
to hold or stand one's ground udrŚet sv× postavenÉ,¨
   stĮt na sv×m
to get, gain, make ground nabŁvat pŹdy, vlivu,¨
   vzmĮhat se, postoupit
on the ground of z dŹvodu, pod zĮminkou.
¨
sp. i sn.
o  zaklĮdat, podloŚit, mÉt zĮklady.
o  el. uzemnit.
o  narazit na bŅeh, mÅlĆinu.
o  uĆit zĮkladŹm.
o  sloŚit zbranÅ.
\grouse
[graus] pj. tetŅÉvek.
\grovel
['grov(%)l] v. behave obsequiously.
\grub
n. larva of an insect.
\grubby
adj.
o  dirty.
o  of or infested with grubs.

grubbily adv.  grubbiness n.
\grudge
v. be resentfully unwilling to give or allow.
\grue
n. shuddering horror.  Tolkien.
\gruel
n. liquid food of oatmeal etc. boiled in milk or¨
   water.
\gruff
adj. (of a voice) low and harsh.
\grumpy
['grampi] adj. morosely irritable.

grumpily adv.  grumpiness n.

< imitative
\grungy
['grandŚi] adj.
o  ugly, run-down or dilapidated.
o  dirty;  filthy.

grunginess n.

< 1965-70, Amer.
\grunt
n. low guttural sound made by a pig.
\gudgeon
['gadŚ%n] n. small freshwater fish often used as¨
   a bait.

< French < Latin
\guff
[gaf] n. Slang ridiculous or insolent talk.

< imitative of empty talk, cf. dialect Norwegian gufs¨
   puff of wind
\guisarm
n. battle-axe.

< Tolkien
\guise
[gaiz] n.
o  assumed appearance;  pretence.
o  external appearance.

v. to disguise.

< Germanic, cf. wise
\gules
[gju:lz] n. the heraldic colour red.
\gull
gull1 n. long-winged web-footed sea bird.

pj. racek.

< probably Welsh gwylan

gull2 v. dupe, fool.

perhaps < obsolete gull yellow < Old Norse
\gullet
['gal%t] n. food-passage extending from the mouth to¨
   the stomach.

< Latin gula throat
\gullible
adj. easily persuaded or deceived.
\gully
n. water-worn ravine.
\gulp
v. swallow hastily, greedily or with effort.
\gum
pj. smŹla, smola (tekutina ze stromu).
\gumboil
n. an abscess on the gums, often at the root of¨
   a decayed tooth.
\gunwale
['gan(%)l] (also gunnel) upper edge of the side of¨
   a boat or ship.

< gun + wale, because it was formerly used to support¨
   guns
\gurgle
v. to flow in a broken, uneven current, making low¨
   sounds.
\guru
['gu:ru:] n.
o  Hindu spiritual teacher or head of a religious¨
   sect.
o  influential or revered teacher.

< Hindi
\gusto
n. zest; enjoyment.
\guttation
n. exudation of small droplets of water on leaves of¨
   grass and other herbacious plants caused by root¨
   pressure at night.
\gutter
v. (of a candle) burn unsteadily and melt away¨
   rapidly.

< Latin gutta drop
\gyrate
[dŚai%'reit] v. move in a circle or spiral;  revolve,¨
   whirl.

gyration n.  gyratory adj.

< Greek, cf. "gyro-"
\habeas corpus
n. writ requiring a person to be brought into court.
\haberdasher
n. dealer in dress accessories and sewing goods.¨

haberdashery n.

probably < Anglo-French
\habitual
adj.
\hĮĆek
n. a diacritic (hook) placed over a letter to modify¨
   its sound in some languages.

< Czech, diminutive of hĮk hook
\hack
v. cut or chop roughly.
\Hades
['heidi:z] n. (in Greek mythology) the underworld.
\haematology
n. the study of blood.
\haft
[ha:ft] n. handle of a dagger, knife, etc.

< Old English
\haggard
adj. looking exhausted and distraught.

< French hagard
\haggle
v. bargain persistently.
\hagiography
o  a biography of a saint.
o  a biography that idealizes or idolizes a person.
\hail
hail1 n.
o  pellets of frozen rain.
o  (foll. by of) barrage or onslaught.

v.
o  (prec. by it as subject) hail falls.
o  come down forcefully.
o  pour down (blows, words, etc.).

< Old English

hail2 v.
o  signal to (a taxi etc.) to stop.
o  greet enthusiastically.
o  acclaim (hailed him king).
o  (foll. by from) originate or come (hails from¨
   Leeds).

int. archaic or joc. expressing greeting.

n. act of hailing.

< Old Norse heill, cf. wassail
\halal
n. (also hallal) meat from animals that have been¨
   killed according to Muslim law.

< Arabic "lawful"
\halberd
pj. (tak× halbert) halapartna.
\halcyon
['h&lsi%n] n. calm, peaceful, happy (halcyon days).

< Greek, = kingfisher, because it was reputed to calm¨
   the sea at midwinter
\hale
adj. strong;  healthy.
\half-pike
n. a pike with a short shaft, cf. boarding pike,¨
   spontoon.
\halfwit
n. foolish or stupid person.

halfwitted adj.
\hallal
--> halal
\hallmark
n.
\hallow
v.
o  make holy, consecrate.
o  honour as holy.

< Old English, cf. "holy"
\halo
n.

< Greek
\halter
n. headstall and rope for leading and tying up¨
   a horse etc.
\hamper
hamper1 n. large basket, usu. with a hinged lid and¨
   containing food.

< French hanap goblet

hamper2 v. prevent the free movement of;  hinder.

< origin unknown
\handiwork
n. a work done or a thing made by hand, or by¨
   a particular person.

< Old English
\handmaid
n. (also handmaiden) archaic female servant.
\handsel
n. (also hansel)
o  a gift or token for good luck, as at the new year¨
   or when entering upon a new situation or¨
   enterprise.
o  the initial experience of anything;  foretaste.
o  a first installment or payment.

vt. (-ll-, US -l-)
o  to give a handsel to.
o  to inaugurate auspiciously.
o  to use, try, or experience for the first time.
¨
< bef. 1050;  Middle English handselne good-luck¨
   token, good-will gift, Old English handselen¨
   manumission, lit., hand-gift hand, sell
\hanger-on
n. (pl. hangers-on) follower or dependant, esp. an¨
   unwelcome one.
\hank
n. coil or skein of wool or thread etc.

< Old Norse
\hanker
v. to have a longing;  crave.

hankerer n.  hankering n.
\haphazard
[h&p'h&z%d] adj. done etc. by chance;  random.
\hapless
adj. unlucky.
\haply
adv. archaic perhaps;  by chance.

< 1325-75;  Middle English hapliche, hap + -ly
\happiness
pj. ÓŌastnost.
\happy
pŅj.
o  ÓŌastnŁ.
o  obratnŁ.
o  zdaŅilŁ.
\harangue
n. a long pompous speech;  tirade.
\harbinger
n.
o  person or thing that announces or signals the¨
   approach of another.
o  forerunner.

< Germanic, cf. "harbour"
\hard feeling
n. often pl. (often used with a negative) resentment;¨
   ill will (I have no hard feelings against him).
\hardihood
n. boldness, daring.
\hard tack
n. naut. ship's biscuit.

pj. tvrdŁ suchar.
\hardware
pj. poĆÉtaĆe pŅen. "Śelezo".
\hare
n. mammal like a large rabbit, with long ears, short¨
   tail, and long hind legs.

v. run rapidly.

pj. zajÉc.

< Old English
\harem
['ha:ri:m] n.
o  women of a Muslim household.
o  their quarters.

< Arabic, = sanctuary
\hark
v. (usu. in imper.) archaic listen attentively.

hark back revert to earlier topic.

< Old English
\harlot
n. archaic prostitute.

harlotry n.

< French, = knave
\harp
n. a musical instrument.

vt. archaic to speak, utter, express.
\harrow
n. heavy frame with iron teeth dragged over ploughed¨
   land to break up clods etc.

v.
o  draw a harrow over (land).
o  (usu. as harrowing adj.) distress greatly.

pj. brĮna.

< Old Norse hervi
\harry
v.
o  ravage or despoil.
o  harass.

< Old English
\hart
n. (pl. same or -s) male of the (esp. red) deer, esp.¨
   after its 5th year.

< Old English
\hash
n. a reuse or rework of old material.
\hashish
n. a narcotic extract prepared from the dried flowers¨
   of the hemp plant.
\hasp
[ha:sp] n. hinged metal clasp fitting over a staple¨
   and secured by a padlock.

< Old English
\hassle
['h&s(%)l] n. colloq. trouble;  problem;  argument.

v. harass;  annoy.

< originally a dial. word
\hassock
n. thick firm cushion for kneeling on.
\hatchet
n. light short-handled axe.
\hauberk
n. a medieval tunic of chain mail worn for defence.

< 1250-1300;  Middle English < Old French hauberc,¨
   earlier halberc < Frankish halsberg = hals neck¨
   (cf. "hawse") + berg protection (harbour), Old¨
   High German halsberc, Old English healsbeorg, Old¨
   Norse halsbjrg
\haughty
['ho:ti] adj.
o  arrogant and disdainful.
o  archaic lofty or noble;  exalted.

haughtily adv.  haughtiness n.

< haught, haut < French, = high
\haunch
n. leg and loin of a deer etc. as food.
\hautboy
n. oboe.
\haven
['heiv(%)n] n.
o  refuge.
o  harbour; port.

< Old English
\havoc
['h&v%k] n. a widespread destruction;  great¨
   disorder.

< French havo(t)
\hawk
n.
o  any of various diurnal birds of prey of the family¨
   Accipitridae, such as the goshawk and Cooper's¨
   hawk, typically having short rounded wings and¨
   a long tail.
o  N. American any of various other falconiform¨
   birds, including the falcons but not the eagles or¨
   vultures.
o  a person who advocates or supports war or warlike¨
   policies.  Compare dove.
o  ruthless or rapacious person.

hawkish adj.  hawklike adj.

know a hawk from a handsaw to be able to judge¨
   things;  be discerning.

< Shakespeare, Hamlet II.2.375, handsaw is probably¨
   a corruption of dialect heronshaw heron
\hawker
pj.
o  sokolnÉk.
o  podomnÉ obchodnÉk.
\hawthorn
n. a thorny tree or shrub with white or pinkish¨
   flowers and dark-red fruit.

pj. hloh.

< haw
\haycock
n. a small cone-shaped pile of hay that has been left¨
   in the field until it is dry enough to carry to¨
   the hayrick.
\hazel
n.
o  hedgerow shrub bearing round brown edible nuts.
o  greenish-brown.

< Old English
\HB
abbr. (of a pencil) hard black.
\headdress
n. covering for the head.
\header
pj. zĮhlavÉ, hlaviĆka.
\headsman
n. (also headman) a public executioner who beheads¨
   condemned people.

pj. kat.

< 1595-1605
\headstall
n. another word (esp. US) for head collar.
\headstrong
adj. self-willed.
\headwaters
n. pl. streams flowing from the sources of a river.
\headway
n. progress.
\hearsay
n. rumour, gossip.
\hearse
n. vehicle for conveying the coffin at a funeral.
¨
< French herse harrow < Latin hirpex large rake
\heartstrings
n. one s deepest feelings.
\heath
n.
o  area of flattish uncultivated land with low¨
   shrubs.
o  plant growing on a heath, esp. heather.

< Old English
\heave
v. lift or haul with great effort.
\heckle
v. to harass persistently, as with questions, taunts,¨
   or comments.

heckler n.
\hectare
n. metric unit of square measure, 100 ares (2.471¨
   acres or 10,000 square metres).
¨
< French hecto-, are
\hectic
adj. busy and confused.
\hecto-
prep. hundred.
\hector
v. bully, intimidate.
\heed
v. take notice of.
\heft
v. test the weight of by lifting and balancing.
\hefty
adj.
o  possessing great physical strength.
o  large in amount, extent or degree.
\hegemony
[hi'gem%ni] n. leadership, esp. by one State of¨
   a confederacy.

< Greek h×gemĻn leader
\heifer
n. young cow, esp. one that has not had more than one¨
   calf.
\heinous
['hein%s] adj. utterly odious or wicked.

< French
\heirloom
n.
o  a piece of personal property that has been in¨
   a family for several generations.
o  a piece of property as part of an inheritance.
\helm
n.
o  tiller or wheel for controlling a ship's rudder.
o  medieval helmet.

at the helm in control;  at the head of an¨
   organization etc.

< Old English
\helpmeet
n. helpmate, esp. a wife.
\hem
n. border of a cloth where it is turned under and¨
   sewn down.
\henchman
n. usu. derog. trusted supporter.

< Old English hengst horse, man
\hen-house
pj. kurnÉk.
\henpeck
v. (of a wife) constantly nag her husband.
\Henry
mj. JindŅich.
\hepatitis
[,hep%'taitis] n. inflammation of the liver,¨
   characterized by fever, jaundice, and weakness.¨
   See hepatitis A, hepatitis B, non-A, non-B¨
   hepatitis.
\herald
['her(%)ld] v. proclaim the approach of;  usher in.

pj.
o  posel, herold.
o  hlasatel.
\herbage
n.
o  grass or leafy plants, used esp. for pasturage.
o  the fleshy parts of herbaceous plants.
\Hercules' labours.
In Classical Mythology, the twelve labours Hercules,¨
   the son of Zeus and Alcmena, performed to gain his¨
   immortality.
\hereafter
adv. from now on;  in the future.

n.
o  the future.
o  life after death.
\heresy
pj. bludaŅstvÉ, kacÉŅstvÉ.
\heretic
['her%tik] n.
o  person believing in or practising religious¨
   heresy.
o  holder of an unorthodox opinion.

heretical [hi'retik(%)l] adj.
\hermeneutic
adj. interpretative;  explanatory.
\heroic
adj. brave.
\heron
pj. volavka.
\Herr
n. (pl. Herren) title of a German man.
\heterodox
['he-] adj. not orthodox.
\heterogeneity
n.
\heterogeneous
adj. composed of unrelated or differing parts or¨
   elements.
\heteronomous
[hete'ro-] adj.
o  subject to or involving different laws.
o  biol. subject to different laws of growth or¨
   specialisation.
o  ethics believing in an external justification of¨
   moral laws (e.g. by God).

heteronomously adv.  heteronomy n.

< 1815-25
\heteronomy
see heteronomous.
\heuristic
adj.
o  allowing or guiding in discovery or investigation.
o  helping to learn.
o  proceeding to a solution by trial and error.
o  science and philosophy using or obtained by¨
   exploration of possibilities rather than by¨
   following set rules.

n. a guiding principle.

< New Latin heuristicus < Greek heuriskein to¨
   discover
\hew
v. (pp. hewn [hju:n] or hewed)
o  chop or cut with an axe, sword, etc.
o  cut into shape.

< Old English
\hexa-
comb. form six.

< Greek
\hiatus
[hai'eitus] n. (pl. -tuses)
o  break or gap in a series or sequence.
o  break between two vowels coming together but not¨
   in the same syllable, as in though oft the ear.

< Latin hio gape
\Hibernian
archaic poet. adj. of Ireland.

n. a native of Ireland.

< Latin Hibernia Ireland
\hiccup
n. (also hiccough)
o  involuntary spasm of the diaphragm causing¨
   a characteristic sound "hic".
o  a temporary or minor stoppage or difficulty.

< imitative
\hickory
pj. bÉlŁ oŅech.
\hidebound
adj. prejudiced or narrow-minded.
\hideous
adj. very ugly;  unpleasant.
\hie
[hai] vi. to hasten;  speed;  go in haste.

vt. to hasten (oneself).

< bef. 900;  Middle English hien, hyen, Old English¨
   hÉgian to strive
\highlighter
zvŁrazĪovaĆ.
\High Mass
n. complete rite in which the liturgy is sung.
\high table
n. dining-table for the most important guests or¨
   members.
\Hilary
mj. i Śj.
\hilt
n. handle of a sword, dagger etc.
\hinder
hinder1 ['hind%(r)] v. impede, delay.

< Old English

hinder2 ['haind%(r)] adj. rear, hind (the hinder¨
   part).

< Old English
\Hindi
['hindi] n.
o  group of spoken dialects of Northern India.
o  literary form of Hindustani, an official language¨
   of India.

< Urdu Hind India
\hindsight
n. wisdom after the event.
\Hindu
n. a follower of Hinduism.
\Hindustani
[,hindu'sta:ni] n. language based on Hindi, used as¨
   lingua franca in much of India.
\hip-flask
n. small flask for spirits.
\hippie
['hipi] n. colloq. (also hippy) (esp. in the 1960s)¨
   person rejecting convention, typically with long¨
   hair, jeans, beads, etc., and taking¨
   hallucinogenic drugs.

< hip
\hireling
n. person who works (only) for money.
\hirsute
adj. hairy.
\hiss
v. express disapproval of by hisses.
\historicism
[hi'sto-] n. theory that social and cultural¨
   phenomena are determined by history.
\historiography
[,histo:ri'ogr%fi] n.
o  the writing of history.
o  the study of the development of historical method,¨
   historical research, and writing.
o  any body of historical literature.

historiographic [-'gr&fik] adj.
historiographical [-'gr&fik%l] adj.
\histrionic
[,histri'onik] adj.
o  (of behaviour) theatrical, dramatic.
o  insincere (histrionic gestures).

n. (in pl.)
o  melodramatic displays of temperament.
o  insincere and dramatic behaviour designed to¨
   impress.

< Latin histrio actor
\hitch
n. temporary obstacle or snag.
\hither
adv. to or towards this place.
\hoar
[ho:r] n.
o  hoarfrost;  rime.
o  a hoary coating or appearance.

adj. hoary

< bef. 900 < Middle English hor < Old English hĮr,¨
   cf. Old Saxon, Old High German h×r old, Old Norse¨
   hĮrr grey with age
\hoarse
adj. (of the voice) rough and deep.
\hoary
['ho:ri] adj.
o  grey
o  old and trite (hoary joke).
\hob
n. flat sheet of metal at the side of a fireplace for¨
   heating pans etc.
\Hobbesian
[hob%'si:%n] adj. of Thomas Hobbes' doctrines etc.
\hobble
['hob(%)l] v.
o  walk lamely;  limp.
o  tie together the legs of (a horse etc.) to prevent¨
   it from straying.

n.
o  uneven or infirm gait.
o  rope etc. for hobbling a horse etc.

< probably Low German
\hobnail
n. heavy-headed nail for boot-soles.

< hob
\hocus-pocus
n. deception;  trickery.

< sham Latin
\hoe
[hou] pj. motyka, rŁĆ.

sp. a sn. kopat, okopĮvat (motykou).
\hogwash
n.
o  nonsense.
o  pigswill.
\hold
n. archaic a fortified place;  stronghold.
\holism
n. theory that certain wholes are greater than the¨
   sum of their parts.
\holler
v. shout.
\holly
pj. rostl. cesmÉna.
\hollyhock
n. tall plant with showy flowers.
\holocaust
n.
o  large-scale destruction, esp. by fire or nuclear¨
   war.
o  (the Holocaust) mass murder of the Jews by the¨
   Nazis 1939-45.

< Greek holos whole, kaustos burnt
\holp
v. chiefly dial. pt. of help.
\holt
n. archaic a wood or grove.
\holus bolus
n. all at once;  altogether (gulped it down holus¨
   bolus).
\Holy Roller
n. derogatory a member of a sect that expresses¨
   religious fervour in an ecstatic or frenzied way.
\homage
n. tribute, expression of reverence.
\homeopathy
n. a system of medical treatment based on the use of¨
   small quantities of drugs that in massive doses¨
   produce symptoms similar to those of the disease¨
   under treatment.
\homeostasis
n. a state of physiological equilibrium produced by¨
   a balance of functions and of chemical composition¨
   within an organism.

homeostatic adj.
\homestead
n. house, esp. a farmhouse, and its outbuildings.
\homey
adj. (also homy) suggesting home;  cosy.
\homiletic
adj. pertaining to homily.
\homiliary
n. a book of sermons.
\homily
['homili] n.
o  sermon.
o  tedious moralising discourse.

homiletic [-'letik] adj.

< Greek homilia
\homograph
n. word spelt like another but of different meaning¨
   or origin, e.g. "content".
\homonym
n. a word spelt or pronounced like another but of¨
   different meaning;  a homograph or homophone.
\homophone
n. a word pronounced like another but of different¨
   meaning or origin (e.g. sea vs. see).

homophonous adj.

< homo- + phone, Greek sound
\homunculus
n. (pl. -i)
o  a fully formed, miniature human body believed,¨
   according to some medical theories of the 16th and¨
   17th centuries, to be contained in the¨
   spermatozoon.
o  a graphic projection of the human image onto the¨
   surface of the motor cortex of the brain,¨
   depicting the extent of the area activating each¨
   part of the body subject to voluntary control.
o  a diminutive human being.

homuncular adj.

< Latin
\hone
n. a fine-grained whetstone for sharpening a tool.

v. to sharpen on or as if on a hone.
\honorific
adj.
o  conferring honour.
o  implying respect.
\hoodwink
v. deceive, delude.

< hood, originally = "blindfold"
\hoop
n.
o  circular band of metal, wood, etc., esp. as part¨
   of a framework.
o  ring bowled along by a child, or for circus¨
   performers to jump through.
o  arch through which balls are hit in croquet.

v. bind or encircle with hoop(s).

be put (or go) through the hoop (or hoops) undergo¨
   rigorous testing.

< Old English
\hoopla
n.

< French
\hoot
n.
o  owl's cry.
o  the noise emitted by a horn.
\horn-mad
adj. furiously enraged;  intensely angry.¨

horn-madness n.

< 1570-80
\horrid
['horid] adj.
o  horrible, revolting.
o  colloq. unpleasant (horrid weather).
\hors d'oeuvre
(also hors d' uvre) n. food served as an appetizer at¨
   the start of a meal.

< French, = outside the work
\hortatory
adj. urging to some course of conduct or action;¨
   exhorting;  encouraging (hortatory speech).

< Latin
\hosiery
n. stockings and socks.
\hospitable
adj. giving hospitality.

hospitably adv.

< Latin hospito entertain, cf. "host"
\hospitality
n. friendly and generous reception and entertainment¨
   of guests or strangers.
\hostage
n. person seized or held as security for the¨
   fulfilment of a condition.

< Latin obses obsidis hostage
\hostel
n.
o  house of residence or lodging for students,¨
   nurses, etc.
o  = youth hostel.

< medieval Latin, cf. "hospital"
\hostelry
n. archaic inn.
\hostess
['h%ustis] n.
\hot
adj.

hotness n.
\hotchpotch
n. complete mixture of ideas.
\hotel
[hou'tel] n. (usu. licensed) establishment providing¨
   accommodation and meals for payment.

< French hostel
\hot key
pj. poĆÉtaĆe hork× tlaĆÉtko, horkĮ klĮvesa.
\Hottentot
n. member of a SW African Negroid people.
\house arrest
n. confinement to one's own home.

pj. domĮcÉ vÅzenÉ.
\hovel
n. small miserable dwelling.

< origin unknown
\hover
v. (of a bird etc.) remain in one place in the air.
\hovercraft
n. a vehicle that travels on a thin cushion of air by¨
   using propellers.
\howbeit
adv. nevertheless.
\howitzer
n. a cannon with a comparatively short barrel, used¨
   esp. for firing shells at an elevated angle.

< 1685-95;  Dutch houvietser = houviets- (< German¨
   Haubitze, Middle High German haufnitz < Czech¨
   houfnice sling-shot) + -er
\howler
n. glaring mistake.
\howsoever
adv. formal
o  in whatsoever way.
o  to whatsoever extent.
\HTML
abbr. Hypertext Markup Language.
\HTTP
abbr. Hypertext Transport Protocol.
\hubbub
['habab] n.
o  a confused noise of many voices.
o  uproar.

< probably Irish hooboobbes, cf. Scottish Gaelic¨
   ubub! an exclamation of contempt
\hubris
n. arrogant pride or presumption.
\huckleberry
n. borŹvka.
\huddle
v.
o  to crowd together.
o  to curl up.
\hue
n.
o  colour.
o  a particular shade of colour.

< Old English
\hull
n. body of a ship etc.
\humbug
['hambag] n. lying or deception;  hypocrisy.
\humdrum
['hamdram] adj. commonplace, dull, monotonous.

< a reduplication of "hum"
\hummock
n. hillock or hump.
\hunch
v. bend or arch into a hump.

n.
o  intuitive feeling or idea.
o  hump.

< origin unknown
\hunker
v. to squat;  crouch.
\hurdle
n. portable rectangular frame used as a temporary¨
   fence etc.
\hurrah
int. exclamation of joy or approval.
\hurricane
n.
\hurry
n. great or eager haste.
\husbandry
['hazb%ndri] n.
o  farming, esp. when regarded as a science, skill,¨
   or art.
o  management of affairs and resources.
o  archaic the care of a household.
\hush
v. make or become silent or quiet.
\hussar
[hu'za:(r)] n. soldier of a light cavalry regiment.

< Magyar huszĮr
\hussy
['hasi] n. derog. impudent or promiscuous girl or¨
   woman.

< contraction of housewife
\hustle
['has%l] v.
o  to shove or crowd (someone) roughly.
o  to move or cause to move hurriedly or furtively¨
   (he hustled her out of sight).
o  to deal with or cause to proceed hurriedly (to¨
   hustle legislation through).
o  slang to earn or obtain (something) forcefully.
o  U.S. and Canadian slang (of procurers and¨
   prostitutes) to solicit.

n.
o  an instance of hustling.
o  undue activity.
o  a disco dance of the 1970s.

< Dutch husselen to shake < Middle Dutch hutsen
\hustler
--> hustle
\hyaena
[hai'i:n%] n. dog-like flesh-eating mammal.
\hydrophilic
adj. having an affinity for water.
\hymen
['haim%n] n. membrane at the opening of the vagina,¨
   usu. broken at the first occurrence of sexual¨
   intercourse.

< Greek hum×n membrane
\Hymen
['haimen] n. the ancient Greek god of marriage.
\hyperopia
n. farsightedness.
\hyperosmotic solution
n. solution with a greater solute concentration than¨
   another, a hypoosmotic solution.
\hypocrisy
n. false claim to virtue.
\hypocrite
['hipokrit] n. person given to hypocrisy.

hypocritical adj.

hypocritically adv.
\hypostasis
[hai'post%sis] n. (pl. -ses) [-,si:z]
o  (in philosophy) reification.
o  (in philosophy) substance;  the underlying or¨
   essential part of a thing as opposed to its¨
   attributes.
o  Christianity any of the three persons of the¨
   Godhead, together constituting the Trinity.
o  Christianity the one person of Christ in which the¨
   divine and human natures are united.
o  the accumulation of blood in an organ or part as¨
   the result of poor circulation.
o  another name for epistasis (in genetics).

hypostatic [,haip%'st&tik] or hypostatical adj.
hypostatically adv.

< late Latin substance < Greek hupostasis foundation¨
   < huphistasthai to stand under < hypo- + histanai¨
   to cause to stand
\hypostatise
v. reify;  to treat or regard (a concept) as¨
   a distinct substance or reality.
\hyssop
n. a plant.
\i.a.
abbr. in absentia.
\Iberian
adj.
\ice cream
n. a sweet frozen food made of milk products, sugar,¨
   eggs, and flavouring.
\ichthyology
n. the study of fishes.
\iconoclast
[ai'kon%,kl&st] n.
o  man who attacks cherished beliefs or traditional¨
   institutions as being based on error or¨
   superstition.
o  hist. person destroying religious images.

iconoclasm n.  iconoclastic [-'kl&stik] adj.

< Greek eikĻn image + klaĻ break
\IDEA
abbr. International Data Encryption Algorithm,¨
   standard pro vysoce spolehliv× ÓifrovĮnÉ (zatÉm¨
   nebyl rozlousknut).  Porov. DES, Enigma.
\ideational
adj. of or involving ideas or concepts.
\identity
pj. totoŚnost, shodnost.
\ideogram
n. character symbolising a thing without indicating¨
   the sounds in its name (e.g. a numeral, Chinese¨
   characters).
\idiosyncracy
[idi%u'si@kr%si] n. (pl. -ies) attitude, behaviour,¨
   or opinion peculiar to a person;  anything highly¨
   individual or eccentric.

idiosyncratic [-'kr&tik] pŅj. osobitŁ.

idiosyncratically adv.

< Greek idios private, sun with, krasis mixture
\idol
n. image of a deity etc. as an object of worship.
\idolater
n.
\idolatry
n. the worship of idols.
\idyll
n.
o  a short descriptive poem of a romantic, esp. rural¨
   scene.
o  a place or an event of such pastoral or romantic¨
   charm as to qualify as the subject of a poetic¨
   idyll.
o  a musical composition that evokes rural life;¨
   a pastoral.
\iff
logic if and only if.
\ignoble
adj.
o  dishonourable.
o  of low birth, position, or reputation.

ignobly adv.

< Latin in-, noble
\ignominious
[ign%'mini%s] adj. shameful, humiliating.

ignominiously adv.

< Latin, cf. "ignominy"
\ignominy
['ign%mini] n. dishonour, infamy.

< Latin in-, Latin (g)nomen name
\ignoratio elenchi
n. fallacy in logic of offerring a proof irrelevant¨
   to the proposition in question.
\illicit
adj. unlawful, forbidden.
\illocutionary
adj. of or designating a linguistic act performed by¨
   a speaker in producing an utterance, as suggesting¨
   warning, promising or requesting.
\illusory
adj. produced by, based on, or of the nature of an¨
   illusion.
\illustrate
s. osvÅtlit, ilustrovat.
\illustrative
[i'lastr%tiv] adj. (often followed by of) serving to¨
   illustrate;  explanatory;  exemplary.
\imbibe
v. to drink.
\imbrication
n.
o  overlapping, as of tiles or shingles.
o  decoration or pattern resembling this.

< 1640-50
\imbroglio
n. (pl. -s)
o  confused or complicated situation.
o  confused heap.

< Italian in- + broil
\imbue
[im'bju:] v. (often foll. by with)
o  inspire or permeate (with feelings, opinions, or¨
   qualities).
o  saturate.
o  dye.

< Latin imbuo
\immanent
adj.
o  naturally present, inherent.
o  existing or remaining within.
o  residing in nature and in man's soul.
o  (of God) omnipresent.

immanence or immanency n.
\immediate
adj.
o  occurring or done at once (immediate reply).
o  nearest, next;  without intervening medium or¨
   agent, direct (immediate vicinity;  immediate¨
   future;  immediate cause of death).
o  most pressing or urgent (our immediate concern).

immediacy n.  immediateness n.

< Latin in-, mediate
\imminent
adj. impending;  about to happen (war is imminent).

imminence n.  imminently adv.

< Latin immineo be impending
\immolate
v. kill or offer as a sacrifice.

immolation n.

< Latin, = sprinkle with meal
\immure
v. imprison.
\imp
n.
o  mischievous child.
o  small devil or sprite.

< Old English, = young shoot
\impale
[im'peil] v. transfix or pierce with a sharp stake¨
   etc.

impalement n.

< Latin palus pale
\impalpable
adj. not easily grasped by the mind.
\impart
v. (followed by to) communicate (news etc.).
\impartial
adj. not partial or prejudiced.
\impasse
n. deadlock.

< French, cf. pass
\impassible
adj.
o  impassive.
o  incapable of feeling, emotion, or injury.
\impassive
adj. incapable of or not showing emotion.
\impeach
v.
o  charge with a crime against the State, esp.¨
   treason.
o  US charge (a public official) with misconduct.
o  call in question, disparage.

impeachable adj.  impeachment n.

< French empecher < Latin pedica fetter
\impediment
[im'pedim%nt] n.
\impel
[im'pel] v. (-ll-)
o  drive, force, or urge.
o  propel.

< Latin pello drive
\impend
v.
o  be threatening or imminent.
o  hang.
\impertinent
adj.
o  impudent;  insolent.
o  not pertinent;  irrelevant.

impertinence n.  impertinently adv.
\imperturbable
adj. not excitable, calm.
\impervious
adj. (usu. foll. by to)
o  impermeable.
o  not responsive (to argument etc.).
\impetuous
adj.
o  acting or done rashly or with sudden energy;¨
   passionate.
o  moving forcefully or rapidly.

impetuousity [-'ositi] n.  impetuously adv.
impetuousness n.

< Latin, cf. impetus
\impetus
['impit%s] n. (pl. -tuses)
o  an impelling movement or force;  incentive or¨
   impulse;  stimulus.
o  physics the force that sets a body in motion or¨
   that tends to resist changes in a body's motion.

< Latin attack < impetere to assail < im- (in) +¨
   petere to make for, seek out
\impinge
v.
o  make an impact or effect.
o  encroach.
\impious
['impi%s] adj.
o  not pious.
o  wicked, profane.
\implacable
adj. not capable of being pacified, appeased, or¨
   altered.

implacability n.
implacably adv.
\implement
['implim%nt] n.

['impli,ment] vt.
\implicit
pŅj. sdÅlenŁ, avÓak nikoli doslova;  nevyslovenŁ,¨
   implicitnÉ.
\implore
v.
o  entreat (a person) (to + infin.).
o  beg earnestly for.
\importune
v.
o  pester (a person) with requests.
o  solicit as a prostitute.
\impossible
[im'posib(%)l] adj.
\imposture
n. fraudulent deception.
\impoverish
v. make poor.
\imprecation
n. oath, curse.
\impresario
n. an organiser of public entertainment.
\imprimatur
n.
o  official approval or license to print or publish.
o  official sanction;  authorisation.
\improbus
below standard, poor.
\impropriety
n. indecency.
\impudent
adj. impertinent.
\impugn
[im'pju:n] v. challenge or call in question.

impugnment n.

< Latin pugno fight
\impunity
n. exemption from punishment or penalty.
\impute
v.
o  to ascribe (a crime or fault) to another;  charge.
o  to attribute to a cause or source;  credit.

imputable adj.  imputation n.
\inanition
n. exhaustion and weakness, as from lack of¨
   nourishment.
\inaugurate
v.
o  admit formally to office.
o  begin (an undertaking) or initiate the public use¨
   of (a building etc.), with a ceremony.
o  begin, introduce.

inauguration n.  inaugurator n.
\incantation
n. formula of words spoken or sung in a ritual or¨
   magic.
\incarcerate
[in'ka:%s%,reit] v. imprison.

incarceration n.

< medieval Latin carcer prison
\incarnate
v.
o  embody in flesh.
o  put (an idea etc.) into concrete form.
o  be the living embodiment of (a quality).
\incase
variant of encase.
\incense
incense1 n.
o  gum or spice producing a sweet smell when burned.
o  smoke of this, esp. in religious ceremonial.¨

< Church Latin incensum

incense2 v. make angry.

incensement n.

< Latin, cf. incendiary
\incessant
adj. unstoppable, without cease.
\incest
n. sexual intercourse between persons so closely¨
   related that their marriage is illegal or¨
   prohibited by custom.

incestuous adj.  incestuously adv.
\inchoate
[in'k%ueit] adj.
o  in an inital or early stage;  incipient.
o  undeveloped.

inchoation n.

Usage:  Inchoate is sometimes used incorrectly to¨
   mean "chaotic" or "incoherent".

< Latin inchoo, incoho begin
\incipient
adj.
o  beginning.
o  in an early stage.

< Latin incipio begin
\incision
[in'siŚ(%)n] n.
o  cutting, esp. by a surgeon.
o  cut made in this way.
\incisive
adj.
o  sharp.
o  clear and effective.
\incommensurable
adj. having no common factor.
\incommode
v. trouble, inconvenience.
\incongruous
adj.
o  not consistent with what is logical, customary, or¨
   expected;  inappropriate.
o  made up of disparate members, qualities or parts.
o  absurd.
\inconspicuous
adj. not easily noticed.
\incontinent
[in'kontin%nt] adj.
o  unable to control the bowels or bladder.
o  lacking self-restraint (esp. in sexual matters).

incontinence n.
\incontrovertible
adj. indisputable, undeniable.

incontrovertibly adv.
\incorrigible
[in'ko-] adj.
\incubus
n. an evil spirit believed to descend upon sleeping¨
   people.
\inculcate
['inkal,keit] v. (often foll. by upon, in) urge or¨
   impress (a habit or idea) persistently.

inculcation n.

< Latin calco tread
\incumbent
adj.
o  resting as a duty (it is incumbent on you to do¨
   it).
o  (often foll. by on) lying, pressing.
o  currently holding office (the incumbent¨
   president).

n. holder of an office or post, esp. a benefice.

< Latin incumbo lie upon
\incunabulum
n. early printed book, esp. from before 1501.
\incursion
n. a sudden attack or invasion;  raid.
\indefatigable
[indi'f&tig%b(%)l] adj. unwearying, unremitting.
\indelible
adj. that cannot be rubbed out or removed.
\indent
pj. odsazenÉ.
\indenture
n.
o  (usu. in pl.) sealed agreement or contract.
o  formal list, certificate, etc.

v. hist. bind by indentures, esp. as an apprentice.¨

< Anglo-French, cf. "indent"
\index
n. a list of forbidden or restricted material.
\indexical
n. logic and linguistics a term whose reference¨
   depends on the context of utterance (we, now,¨
   there), cf. deictic.
\India ink
pj. tuÓ.
\indicator
pj. ukazatel, indikĮtor.
\indigenous
adj. (often foll. by to) native or belonging¨
   naturally to a place.

< Latin gen- be born
\indigent
adj. formal needy, poor.

indigence n.

< Latin egeo need
\indigestion
n. difficulty in digesting food.
\indignation
n. anger at supposed injustice.
\indispensable
adj. essential.
\indistinct
[,indi'sti@kt] adj. not distinct.
\indolent
['ind%l%nt] adj. lazy;  averse to exertion.

< Latin doleo suffer pain
\indomitable
adj.
o  unconquerable.
o  unyielding.

indomitably adv.

< Latin in- + domito tame
\induct
v. introduce into office etc.
\induction
n. archaic a preface.
\indulgence
n.
o  indulging or being indulgent.
o  thing indulged in.
o  RC Ch. remission of punishment still due after¨
   absolution.
o  privilege granted.

pj. odpustek.
\indulgent
adj. lenient;  ready to overlook faults.
\ineluctable
adj. inescapable, unavoidable.
\inept
adj. unskilful;  silly.
\inequable
[in'ekw%b(%)l] adj.
o  unfair.
o  not uniform.
\inequity
[in'ekwiti] n. unfairness, injustice.
\inert
[i'n%:t]
adj.
o  without inherent power of action, motion, or¨
   resistance.
o  not reacting chemically with other substances¨
   (inert gas).
o  sluggish, slow;  lifeless.

< Latin iners -ert-
\inertia
n.
o  Physics property of matter by which it continues¨
   in its existing state of rest or motion unless an¨
   external force is applied.

pj. setrvaĆnost.
\inexorable
adj. relentless;  unstoppable.

inexorably adv.

< Latin exoro entreat
\inextricable
adj.
o  inescapable.
o  incapable of being disentangled or untied.
o  that cannot be solved.

inextricably adv.
\infamous
['inf%m%s] adj. notoriously bad.

infamously adv.  infamy n.
\infancy
pj. dÅtstvÉ.
\infantry
n. body of foot-soldiers.
\infelicity
[,infi'lisiti] n.
o  inapt expression etc.
o  unhappiness.

infelicitous adj.
\infer
v. (-rr-) deduce or conclude.
\infidel
['infid%l] n. an unbeliever, esp. in the supposed¨
   true religion.
\infidelity
pj. unfaithfulness, esp. adultery.
\infield
n. cricket the part of the ground near the wicket.
\infinitesimal
adj. infinitely or very small.

n. infinitesimal amount.

infinitesimally adv.
\infirmary
n.
o  hospital.
o  sick-quarters in a school etc.
\inflammation
n. localised heat, redness, swelling, and pain¨
   resulting from injury, infection, or irritation.
\inflict
s. stihnout, uvalit (trest).
\inflorescence
n.
o  complete flower-head of a plant.
o  flowering.

< Latin
\infraction
[in'fr&kÓ(%)n] n. infringement.

< Latin, cf. "infringe"
\infusion
n.
o  the act or process of infusing.
o  something that is infused.
o  liquid extract, as tea, prepared by steeping or¨
   soaking.
o  the introduction of a saline or other solution¨
   into a vein.
o  the solution used for vein infusion.

< Latin
\Ingenieur
n. German engineer.
\ingenious
[in'dŚi:ni%s] adj.
o  clever at inventing, organizing, etc.
o  cleverly contrived.

< Latin
\ingenuous
adj. artless;  frank.
\inglorious
[in'glo:ri%s] adj.
o  shameful.
o  not famous.
\ingrate
n. ungrateful person.

adj. archaic ungrateful.
\ingratiate
[in'greiÓieit] v. refl. (usu. foll. by with) bring¨
   oneself into favour.

ingratiating adj.

< Latin in gratiam into favour
\inhere
v. be inherent.
\inherent
adj. existing in something as an essential or¨
   permanent attribute.
\inimical
[i'nimik(%)l] adj.
o  hostile.
o  harmful.

inimically adv.

< Latin inimicus enemy
\inimitable
adj. impossible to imitate.

inimitably adv.
\injunction
n.
o  authoritative order.
o  a judicial order restraining a person or a body¨
   from an act, or compelling redress to an injured¨
   party.
\inkling
n. slight knowledge or suspicion;  hint.
\ink-well
n. pot for ink housed in a desk.
\innate
adj. inborn;  natural.
\innervate
v. to furnish with nerves.
\innings
n. (pl. same) period during which a government,¨
   party, person, etc. is in office or can achieve¨
   something.
\innkeeper
n. man who keeps an inn.
\innocuous
[i'nokju%s] adj. harmless.

< Latin innocuus innocent
\innovation
pj. novĮtorstvÉ, inovace.
\innovative
['inovativ] adj.
\innuendo
n. (pl. -es or -s) allusive remark or hint, usu.¨
   disparaging or with a double meaning.

< Latin, = by nodding at in- + nuo nod
\innure
--> inure
\inoculate
v. treat (a person or animal) with vaccine or serum¨
   to promote immunity against a disease.

< Latin oculus eye
\inordinate
adj. excessive.
\in-patient
n. patient who lives in hospital while under¨
   treatment.
\inquiry
n.
o  investigation, esp. an official one.
o  enquiry.
\inscrutable
adj. mysterious, impenetrable.

inscrutability n.  inscrutably adv.

< Latin scrutor search
\inseverable
adj. that cannot be severed.
\insidious
adj.
o  proceeding inconspicuously but harmfully.
o  crafty.

insidiously adv.  insidiousness n.

< Latin insidiae ambush
\insightful
adj. full of insight.
\insinuate
v. introduce with the help of subtle manipulation.
\insipid
adj.
o  lacking vigour or character;  dull.
o  tasteless.

insipidity [-'piditi] n.  insipidly adv.

< Latin sapio have savour
\insofar [  ns f :(r)]
adv. = in so far.    far
\insolent
adj. rude, impudent, impertinently insulting.
\insomnia
n. sleeplessness, esp. habitual.
\install
s.
o  zabudovat, umÉstit, instalovat.
o  nastolit, uv×st v ÕŅad.
\instalment
instalment1 n. (US installment)
o  one of the portions, usually equal, into which¨
   a debt is divided for payment at specified¨
   intervals over a fixed period.
o  a portion of something that is issued, broadcast,¨
   or published in parts, such as a serial in¨
   a magazine.

< obsolete estallment, probably < Old French estaler¨
   to fix, hence to agree rate of payment < estal¨
   something fixed, place < Old High German stal¨
   stall

instalment2 n. (US installment) another word for¨
   installation.
\instantiation
n. instance.
\instigate
v.
o  bring about by incitement or persuasion.
o  urge on, incite.

instigation n.  instigator n.

< Latin stigo prick
\instill
v. (esp. Brit. instil) to introduce gradually;¨
   implant.
\institute
['in-] v.

< Latin statuo set up
\insuperable
adj. impossible to surmount or overcome.

< Latin superaro
\insure
v. another word (esp. US) for ensure.
\insurgent
n. rebel.
\integer
n. whole number.

< Latin, = untouched, whole
\integral
adj. of or necessary to a whole.
\integument
n. natural outer covering, as a skin, husk, rind,¨
   etc.

< Latin tego cover
\intellect
n.
\intension
[in'tenÓ%n] n.
o  logic the set of attributes by which the referent¨
   of a given word is determined, e.g. the intension¨
   of marsupial is the set containing the attributes¨
   suckling its young and having a pouch; connotation¨
   (cf. extension).
o  intensification;  increase in degree.
o  intensity;  high degree.
o  relative intensity;  degree.
o  exertion of the mind;  determination.

< 1595-1605 Latin int×nsiĻ
\intentional
adj. philos. pertaining to a representation in the¨
   mind.
\inter
v. bury (a corpse) etc.
\intercede
v. act between parties with a view to reconciling¨
   differences.
\intercession
n.
o  interceding.
o  entreaty on another's behalf.
o  mediation.

intercessor n.

< Latin, cf. "intercede"
\interchangeable
adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting¨
   the way a thing works.
\interfuse
v. mix.
\interim
adj. provisional, temporary.
\interlace
v. [int%r'leis]
\interleave
v. insert blank leaves etc. between the leaves of¨
   a book etc.
\interlocutor
[,int%'lokjut%(r)] n. formal person who takes part in¨
   a conversation.
\interlude
n.
o  pause between the acts of a play.
o  something performed during this pause.
\intermediary
n. intermediate person or thing, esp. a mediator.

adj. acting as mediator;  intermediate.
\intermittent
[-'mi-] adj. occurring at intervals;  not continuous.

intermittently adv.

< Latin mitto miss- let go
\internecine
adj. mutually destructive.

< Latin internecinus deadly
\internment
n. confinement.
\interpolate
[in't%:p%leit] v. insert (words) in a book etc., esp.¨
   misleadingly.
\interpretation
n.
o  vŁklad, ĆtenÉ, interpretace.
o  tlumoĆenÉ.
\interpretative
adj.
\interrelation
n. of a relation between things.
\intersection
pj. kŅiŚovatka.
\interstice
[in't%:stis] n. chink or crevice.
\interval
n.

< Latin intervallum space between ramparts
\intervene
v. (of a period of time) to occur between events or¨
   points in time.
\intestate
adj. not having made a will before death.
\intimidate
v. frighten or overawe, esp. to subdue or influence.

intimidation n.

< medieval Latin, cf. "timid"
\intractable
adj. hard to control or deal with.
\intransigent
[in'tr&nsidŚ(%)nt] adj. refusing to moderate an¨
   extreme position;  uncompromising;  stubborn.
\intransitive
adj. in a verb implies action within, the verb does¨
   not have an object.
\intravenous
adj. within a vein (intravenous injection).

pŅj. nitroŚilnÉ.
\intrepid
adj. fearless;  very brave.

intrepidity n.  intrepidly adv.

< Latin trepidus alarmed
\intrinsic
adj. inherent, essential (intrinsic value).
\introvert
n. shy thoughtful person.
\inundate
v. overwhelm.
\inure
v. to make used to something undesirable;  harden.

inurement n.
\invalid
invalid1 ['inv%lid, 'inv%li:d] n. person enfeebled or¨
   disabled by illness or injury.

attrib. adj.
o  of or for invalids.
o  sick, disabled.

v. (-d-)
o  (often foll. by out etc.) remove (an invalid) from¨
   active service.
o  (usu. in passive) disable (a person) by illness.

invalidism n.  invalidity n.

< Latin, cf. in-

invalid2 [in'v&lid] adj. not valid.

invalidity n.
\invective
n. strong verbal attack.
\inveigh
[in'vei] v. (foll. by against) speak or write with¨
   strong hostility.

< Latin invehor -vect- assail
\inventory
n. a complete list of goods etc.
\inverse
adj. inverted in position, order or relation.

n. inverted state.
\inveterate
[in'vet%r%t] adj.
o  (of a person) confirmed in a habit etc.
o  (of a habit etc.) long-established.

inveteracy n.

< Latin vetus old
\invidious
[in'vidi%s] adj. likely to cause resentment or anger¨
   (invidious position;  invidious task).

< Latin invidiosus, cf. "envy"
\invoice
pj. faktura.
\invoke
v.
o  call on (a deity etc.) in prayer or as a witness.
o  appeal to (the law, a person s authority, etc.).
o  summon (a spirit) by charms etc.
o  ask earnestly for (vengeance etc.).

< Latin voco call
\involuntary
[in'voluntari] adj.
\Ionia
n. the Greek part of Asia Minor colonised from the¨
   10th century onward:  it was here where the¨
   speculative spirit of the Greeks arose.
\ipso facto
adv. by that very fact.
\irascible
adj. irritable;  hot-tempered.
\irenic
adj. tending to promote peace.
\iris
['airis] n.

< Greek
\irk
[%:k] v. irritate, bore, annoy.
\irksome
adj. causing annoyance or bother;  tedious.
\IRM
abbr. Innate Releasing Mechanism, a species-specific¨
   neurophysiological mechanism corresponding to¨
   a given behaviour pattern.
\irremediable
adj. that cannot be remedied.

irremediably adv.
\irreverent
n. lacking reverence.

irreverence n.  irreverently adv.
\irrevocable
adj. unalterable;  gone beyond recall.
\Islam
['izla:m] n.
o  the religion of the Muslims, proclaimed by the¨
   Muhammad.
o  the Muslim world.

Islamic adj.

< Arabic, = submission (to God)
\islet
['ailit] n. small island.
\isolate
v.
\isomorphic
adj. (also isomorphous) exactly corresponding in form¨
   and relations.

< iso- + Greek morph× form
\isonomy
n. equality of political rights.
\isosceles
adj. having two equal sides (isosceles triangle).
\isotropic
adj. having the same physical properties in all¨
   directions.

isotropy n.

< iso-, Greek tropos turn
\issuance
n. the act of issuing.
\isthmus
n. narrow piece of land connecting two larger bodies¨
   of land.
\iterate
['it%,reit] v. repeat;  state repeatedly.

iteration n.

iterative adj.

< Latin iterum again
\itinerant
adj. travelling from place to place.
\itinerary
n.
o  detailed route.
o  record of travel.
\Ivy League
n. US a group of eight universities (Brown, Columbia,¨
   Cornell, Dartmouth College, Harvard, Princeton,¨
   the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale) that¨
   have similar academic and social prestige in the¨
   U.S. to Oxford and Cambridge in Britain.
\jabber
v. chatter volubly.
\jack of all trades
n. a man with many skills.

pj. muŚ, kterŁ umÉ nÅkolik Ņemesel (Ferda mravenec --¨
   prĮce vÓeho druhu).
\jade
jade1 n.
o  hard usu. green stone used for ornaments etc.
o  green colour of jade.

< Spanish ijada < Latin ilia flanks (named as a cure¨
   for colic)

jade2 n.
o  inferior or worn-out horse.
o  derog. disreputable woman.

< origin unknown
\jaded
adj. tired out;  surfeited.
\jag
n. sharp projection of rock etc.
\jagged
adj. unevenly cut or torn.
\jam
v. squeeze, cram or wedge into a space.
\James
mj. Jakub.
\jangle
n. harsh metallic sound.
\jaundice
n.
o  yellowing of the skin etc. caused by liver¨
   disease, bile disorder, etc.
o  disordered (esp. mental) vision.
o  envy.

v.
o  affect with jaundice.
o  (esp. as jaundiced adj.) affect (a person) with¨
   envy, resentment, etc.

< French jaune yellow
\jaw
n. chatter.
\jeer
v. (often foll. by at) scoff, speak or shout¨
   derisively;  deride.

n. taunt.

jeeringly adv.

< origin unknown
\jejune
[dŚi'dŚu:n] adj.
o  intellectually unsatisfying;  shallow, meagre,¨
   scanty, dry.
o  puerile.
o  (of land) barren.

< Latin jejunus
\Jeremiah
n. dismal prophet, denouncer of the times.

< Lamentations of Jeremiah, in the Old Testament
\jerk
n. a sudden yank, tug or twist.
\jet
jet1 n.
o  stream of water, steam, gas, flame, etc., shot¨
   esp. from a small opening.
o  spout or nozzle for this purpose.
o  jet engine or jet plane.

v. (-tt-)
o  spurt out in jets.
o  colloq. send or travel by jet plane.

< French jeter throw, Latin jacto

jet2
n. (often attrib.) hard black lignite often carved¨
   and highly polished.

< French jaiet < Gagai in Asia Minor
\jettison
v. to abandon, get rid of.
\jewellery
n.
\Jewry
n. Jews collectively.
\jingle
n. a catchy rhyme or tune (an advertising jingle).
\jingo
n. supporter of war;  blustering patriot.

by jingo! mild oath.

jingoism n.  jingoist n.  jingoistic adj.

< conjuror's word
\jocose
adj. playful;  jocular.

jocosely adv.  jocosity n.

< Latin jocus jest
\jocund
adj. literary merry, cheerful.

jocundity n.  jocundly adv.

< French < Latin jucundus pleasant
\jollity
n. merry-making;  festivity.

< French jolivet× jolly
\jolt
n. a sudden jerk or bump.
\jostle
['dŚos(%)l] v.
o  (often foll. by away, from, against etc.) push¨
   against;  elbow, esp. roughly or in a crowd.
o  (foll. by with) struggle roughly.

n. jostling.

< joust
\jot
v. (-tt-) (usu. foll. by down) write briefly or¨
   hastily.

n. very small amount (not one jot).

< Greek, cf. "iota"
\joule
n. SI unit of work or energy equivalent to 1¨
   watt-second.

< Joule a physicist
\journeyman
n. qualified mechanic or artisan who works for¨
   another.
\Jove
n. (in Roman mythology) Jupiter.

by Jove! exclamation of surprise etc.

< Latin Jupiter Jov-
\jowl
n. a loose hanging skin on the throat or neck.
\judgement
n. (also judgment)
o  critical faculty;  discernment (error of¨
   judgement).
o  good sense.
o  opinion or estimate (in my good judgement).
o  sentence of a court of justice.
o  often joc. deserved misfortune.

against one's better judgement contrary to what one¨
   really feels to be advisable.
\judiciary
n. judges of a State collectively.
\jumble
n. confused state or heap;  muddle.
\jumping spider
n. any of several small, hairy spiders of the family¨
   Salticidae, that stalk and jump upon their prey.

< 1805-15
\junky
n. (also junkie) informal
o  drug addict, esp. one who injects heroin into¨
   himself.
o  someone who has developed an addiction or¨
   dependency (news junky, porn junky, Internet¨
   junky, e-mail junky).
\jurisprudence
[-'pru:d%ns] n. science or philosophy of law.

jurisprudential [-'denÓ%l] adj.
\jut
v. protrude, project.
\Kafkaesque
adj. oppressive or nightmarish, as in the novels by¨
   Franz Kafka.
\kaftan
var. of "caftan".
\kaiser
['kaiz%(r)] n. hist. emperor, esp. of Germany,¨
   Austria, or the Holy Roman Empire.

< Latin Caesar
\karate
[k%'ra:ti] n.
o  a traditional Japanese system of unarmed combat,¨
   employing smashes, chops, kicks, etc., made with¨
   the hands, feet, elbows, or legs.
o  (as modifier) of or involving karate (karate¨
   chop).

< Japanese karate empty hand < kara empty + te hand
\karst
n. denoting the characteristic scenery of a limestone¨
   region, including underground streams, gorges,¨
   etc.

< German Karst limestone plateau near Trieste

pj. kras (The Bohemian Karst ćeskŁ kras).
\keen
keen1 adj.
o  having a fine, sharp edge or point.
o  intellectually acute.
o  acutely sensitive (a keen sense of smell).
o  sharp;  vivid.
o  intense;  piercing (a keen wind).
o  pungent;  acrid.
o  ardent;  enthusiastic.
o  eagerly desirous (keen on going).
o  slang great;  splendid.

keenly adv.  keenness n.

keen2
n. Irish wailing funeral song.

v.

< Irish
\ken
n. range of knowledge or sight (beyond my ken).
\kenosis
n. the doctrine that Christ relinquished His divine¨
   attributes so as to experience human suffering.

< 1835-45 Greek
\kerb
n. a stone edging to a pavement or raised path.

< var. of "curb"
\kerchief
['ke%:Ćif] n.
o  headscarf, neckerchief.
o  poet. handkerchief.

< Anglo-French courchef cover, chief
\kernel
n.
o  whole seed of a cereal.
o  the central or essential part of something.
\kerosene
['ker%,si:n] (or kerosine)
o  another name (esp. U.S. and Canadian) for¨
   paraffin.
o  the general name for paraffin as a fuel for jet¨
   aircraft.

Usage:  The spelling kerosine is now the preferred¨
   form in technical and industrial usage.

< Greek k×ros wax + -ene
\keystone
n. the central principle of a system, policy, etc.
\kibitz
vi. informal to act as a kibitzer.

vt. to offer an advice or criticism as a kibitzer.
¨
< 1925-30, Amer.;  < Yiddish kibetsn, akin to German¨
   kiebitzen to look on at cards, derivative of¨
   Kiebitz busybody, literaly lapwing, plover
\kidney
n.
o  anatomy either of a pair of organs in the dorsal¨
   region of the vertebrate abdominal cavity that¨
   functions to maintain proper water balance,¨
   regulate acid-base concentration, and excrete¨
   metabolic wastes as urine.
o  the kidney of certain animals, eaten as food.
o  disposition;  temperament.
\kike
[kaik] n. slang (disparaging and offensive) a person¨
   of Jewish religion or descent.

< 1900-05 Americanism of obscure origin
\killjoy
n. gloomy or censorious person, esp. at a party.
\kindle
v.
o  light, catch, or set on fire.
o  arouse or inspire.
o  become aroused or animated.

< Old Norse
\kindred
related.
\kine
kine1 [kain] n. archaic pl. of "cow".

kine2 ['kin%] n. abbr. kinescope.
\kinematics
n.
\kinesthesia
n. the sensation in the body of the movement of¨
   muscles, tendons, and joints.
\kink
['ki@k] n.
o  a sharp twist or bend in a wire, rope, hair, etc.,¨
   esp. one caused when it is pulled tight.
o  a crick in the neck or similar muscular spasm.
o  a flaw or minor difficulty in some undertaking or¨
   project.
o  a flaw or idiosyncrasy of personality; quirk.
o  Brit. informal a sexual deviation.
o  US a clever or unusual idea.

< Dutch "a curl in a rope", cf. Middle Low German¨
   kinke kink, Old Norse kinka to nod
\kinky
adj.
o  colloq.
a  sexually perverted or unconventional.
b  (of clothing etc.) bizarre and sexually¨
   provocative.
o  having kinks.

kinkily adv.  kinkiness n.
\kinsman
n. (fem. kinswoman)
o  blood relation.
o  relation by marriage.

Usage:  The sense of "relation by marriage" is¨
   considered incorrect by some people.
\kirk
n. Scot. church.
\kirtle
n.
o  a woman's loose gown, worn in the Middle Ages.
o  archaic a man's tunic or coat.

kirtled adj.

< bef. 900;  Middle English kirtel, Old English¨
   cyrtel = appar. cyrt(an) to shorten (<< curtus¨
   shortened) + -el -le
\kite
pj. luĪĮk.
\kith
n.

kith and kin friends and relations.

< Old English, originally "knowledge", cf. "can"
\kitsch
pj. (mnĆ. -es) kŁĆ.

< German kitschen to slap (a work of art) together;¨
   to scrape up mud from the street
\knack
n.
o  acquired faculty or trick of doing a thing.
o  habit (a knack of offending people).

< 1325-75 Middle English
\knacker
n. a person who buys up old horses for slaughter.
\knap
knap1 [n&p] n. Brit. Dial. a crest or summit of¨
   a small hill.

knap2 [n&p] v. chiefly Brit. Dial.
o  to strike smartly;  rap.
o  to break or chip off abruptly, as a flint.
¨
knapper n.
\knapsack
n. soldier s canvas bag carried on the back.
\knave
n.
o  rogue, scoundrel.
o  = jack.

knavery n.  knavish adj.

< Old English, originally = boy, servant
\knead
[ni:d] v. work into a dough.

< bef. 950; Old English cnedan
\knell
n.
o  the sound of a bell, esp. for a death or funeral.
o  announcement, event, etc., regarded as an ill¨
   omen.

v.
o  ring a knell.
o  proclaim by or as by a knell.

< Old English
\knight errant
n. medieval knight in search of chivalrous¨
   adventures.
\knocker
n. hinged metal instrument for knocking on the door.
\knoll
knoll1 n. hillock, mound.

< Old English

knoll2 v. archaic ring or toll (a bell).
\knout
[naut] n. whip with a lash of leather thongs,¨
   formerly used in Russia for flogging criminals.

< French < Russian < Old Norse
\know-it-all
pj. vÓevÅd.
\knowledge
pj. vÅdÅnÉ.
\knuckle
['nak(%)l]
v.

knuckle down (often foll. by to) apply oneself¨
   seriously to a task etc.
\knucklehead
n. informal stupid, bumbling, inept person.

knuckleheaded adj.
\kohlrabi
[,koul'ra:bi] pj. kedluben, kedlubna, kedlub.
\Koran
[ko:'ra:n] n. Islamic sacred book.

< Arabic, = recitation
\Kosovar
n. an inhabitant of Kosovo.
\kumiss
['ku:mis] n. fermented mare's or camel's milk used as¨
   a beverage by Asian nomads.

< Russian
\kumquat
['kamkwot] (also cumquat) n.
o  small orange-like fruit.
o  shrub or small tree yielding this.

< Chinese kin ku gold orange
\Kurils
n. an archipelago between Russia and Japan.

< Russian kuriŌ to smoke
\kvass
n. Russian drink of low alcoholic content.
\kye
[kai] n. a private Korean-American banking club to¨
   which members pay contributions and from which¨
   they may take out loans, usu. to start small¨
   businesses.

< 1985-90 < Korean
\labial
['leibi%l] adj. of the lips.
\lacerate
['l&s%reit] v.
o  mangle or tear (esp. flesh etc.).
o  cause pain to (the feelings etc.).

laceration n.

< Latin lacer torn
\lackadaisical
adj. unenthusiastic;  idle.
\lackey
n. footman, manservant.
\laconic
[l%'konik] adj. terse, using few words.

< Greek LakĻn Spartan
\lacuna
[l%'kju:n%] n. gap.
\lacy
adj. of or resembling lace fabric.
\ladybug
n. (also ladybird) small, usu. reddish,¨
   black-spotted beetle.
\ladyship
n.
\lag
lag1 v. (-gg-) fall behind;  not keep pace.

n. delay.

< origin uncertain

lag2 v. (-gg-) enclose in heat-insulating material.

n. insulating cover.

< Old Norse

lag3 n. slang habitual convict.

< origin unknown
\lagoon
[l%'gu:n] n. a stretch of salt water separated from¨
   the sea by a sandbank, reef, etc.

< Latin lacuna pool
\laicise
['leisaiz] v. remove the clerical character or nature¨
   of;  secularise.

laicisation n.
\laissez faire
n. noninterference, esp. the economic doctrine that¨
   government should not interfere with commerce.
\lament
v. express grief passionately.
\lamprey
['l&mpri] n. an eel-like primitive fish with¨
   a jawless sucking mouth used for clinging to other¨
   animals and feeding on their blood.

< Late Latin lampr×da
\lance
n. a thrusting weapon with a long shaft and a sharp¨
   metal head.
\landlord
n. (fem. landlady)
o  one who owns and rents real estate, buildings, or¨
   dwelling units.
o  an innkeeper.
\language
n.

< Old French langue tongue, language < Latin lingua
\languid
adj. lacking vigour.
\languish
v. to lose or lack vitality.

languish for droop or pine for.
languish under suffer under (depression, confinement,¨
   etc.).

< Latin langueo
\lank
adj.
o  (of hair, grass, etc.) long and limp.
o  thin and tall.

< Old English
\lanky
adj. ungracefully thin and long or tall.
\lap
v. (esp. of an animal) drink with tongue.
\lapidary
adj. suitable for engraving in stone (lapidary¨
   prose).
\laptop
['l&p,top] adj. (of a computer) small and light¨
   enough to be held on the user's lap.
\lapwing
n. plover with a shrill cry.

< Old English leap + wink (from its mode of flight)
\larceny
n. theft of personal property.
\larch
n.
o  deciduous coniferous tree with bright foliage.
o  its wood.

pj.
o  modŅÉn.
o  dŅevo z modŅÉnu.

< Latin larix -icis
\lard
v. insert strips of fat or bacon (in meat etc.)¨
   before cooking.

lardy adj.
\large capitalisation
(also large cap) capitalisation above 250 million¨
   CAD;  blue chip.
\largesse
n. (also largess) money or gifts freely given.

< Latin largus large
\larynx
n. hollow organ in the throat holding the vocal¨
   cords.
\lasagne or lasagna
n. pasta in the form of large rectangular sheets.
¨
< Italian pl. < Latin lasanum cooking-pot
\lascivious
[la'sivi%s] adj.
o  lustful.
o  inciting to lust.

lasciviously adv.

< Latin
\lase
[leiz] v.
o  act as a laser.
o  to kill or destroy with a laser.

< 1960-5;  back formation < laser
\lash
n. a stroke or blow with or as if with a whip.
\lass
n.
o  a girl or young woman.
o  a sweetheart.
\lassitude
n. a state of listless weakness, exhaustion, or¨
   torpour.
\latch
n.
o  a bar with a catch and lever as a fastening for¨
   a gate etc.
o  spring-lock preventing a door from being opened¨
   from the outside without a key.

v. fasten with a latch.

latch on (often foll. by to) colloq.
o  attach oneself to.
o  understand.

on the latch fastened by the latch (sense 1 only).

< Old English l_ccan to take hold of, catch, seize
\latchkey
n. key of an outer door.
\latency
pj. elektronika odezva;  na integrovanŁch obvodech je¨
   obvykle vyznaĆena poslednÉ ĆÉslicÉ, napŅ. pamÅŌovŁ¨
   obvod Tesla 32 MB 479783-6 mĮ odezvu 60 ns.
\latent
['leit(%)nt] adj. existing but not developed or¨
   manifest;  concealed, dormant.

latency n.

< Latin lateo be hidden
\lateral
adj. of, at, towards, or from the side or sides.

< Latin latus later- side
\Lateran
n. the church of St John Lateran, the cathedral¨
   church of the city of Rome;  the church of the¨
   pope as bishop of Rome.

\Latinate
adj. having the character of Latin.
\latitude
n.
o  angular distance on a meridian north or south of¨
   the equator.
o  (usu. in pl.) regions or climes.
o  tolerated variety of action or opinion.

latitudinal adj.

< Latin latus broad
\launderette
n. (also laundrette) establishment with¨
   coin-operated washing-machines and driers for¨
   public use.
\lavatory
n. receptacle for urine and faeces, usu. with a means¨
   of disposal.
\lavender
n.
o  evergreen shrub with purple aromatic flowers.
o  its flowers and stalks dried and used to scent¨
   linen etc.
o  pale mauve colour.

< Latin lavandula
\lawcourt
n. court of law.
\lax
adj.
o  lacking care or precision.
o  not strict.

laxity n.  laxly adv.  laxness n.

< Latin laxus loose
\lazar
n. person infected with a disease, esp. leprosy.

< 1300-50;  Middle English < Medieval Latin lazarus¨
   leper < Late Latin Lazarus < Luke 16:19-31
\laze
v. to loaf;  idle.
\LEA
abbr. Local Education Authority.
\lea
n. poet. meadow, field.

< Old English
\leach
v.
o  make (a liquid) percolate through some material.
o  subject (bark, ore, ash, or soil) to the action of¨
   percolating fluid.
o  (foll. by away, out) remove (soluble matter) or be¨
   removed in this way.

< Old English
\leaden
['led(%)n] adj.
o  of or like lead.
o  heavy or slow.
o  lead-coloured.
\lean
adj. not fleshy or fat;  thin.
\leaping-house
n. brothel.

< Shakespeare
\leathern
adj. made of leather.
\leaven
['lev(%)n] n.
o  substance causing dough to ferment and rise.
o  pervasive transforming influence;  admixture.

v.
o  ferment (dough) with leaven.
o  permeate and transform;  modify with a tempering¨
   element.

< Latin levo lift
\lechery
n. excessive sexual desire.
\lectern
n.
o  stand for holding a book in a church etc.
o  similar stand for a lecturer etc.

< Latin lectrum < lego read
\ledger
n. a book of accounts in which sums received and paid¨
   out are recorded.

pj. hlavnÉ ÕĆetnÉ kniha, kniha pŅÉjmŹ a vŁdajŹ.
\leer
v. look slyly, lasciviously, or maliciously.

n. leering look.

< perhaps < obsolete leer cheek
\leery
adj. sly.
\leet
[li:t] n.
o  an English court held by the lords of certain¨
   manors.
o  the jurisdiction of this court.

< 1400-50;  late Middle English lete meeting (of law¨
   court) < Anglo-French lete and Anglo-Latin leta¨
   (both perh. < Old English gel te meeting of roads¨
   w tergel t watercourse)
\leeward
adj. pertaining to the direction of the wind.

pŅj. zĮvÅtrnŁ.
\leeway
n. allowable scope of action.
\left wing
n.
o  more socialist section of a political party or¨
   system.
o  left side of a football etc. team on the field.

adj. (left-wing) socialist, radical.

left-winger n.
\legalese
n. language containing an excessive amount of legal¨
   terminology or of legal jargon.

< 1910-15
\legerdemain
n.
o  sleight of hand.
o  trickery, sophistry.

< French, = slight of hand
\legitimate
adj.
o  (of a child) born of parents married to each¨
   other.
o  lawful, proper, regular.
o  logically acceptable.

legitimacy n.  legitimately adv.

< Latin legitimo legitimise, from lex legis law
\legitimise
v.
o  make legitimate.
o  serve as a justification for.

legitimisation n.
\leisure
n.
o  free time.
o  enjoyment of free time.

at leisure
o  not occupied.
o  in an unhurried manner.

at one's leisure when one has time.

< Anglo-French leisour < Latin licet it is allowed
\leitmotif
n. recurrent theme in a musical etc. composition¨
   representing a particular idea, person, etc.¨

< German
\lemma
n. theme, subject matter.
\lenient
['li:ni%nt] adj. merciful, not severe.

lenience n.  leniency n.  leniently adv.

< Latin lenis gentle
\lens
[lenz] n.
\Lent
[lent] n. Eccl. period of fasting and penitence from¨
   Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday.

Lenten adj.

pj. pŹst (pŅed velikonocemi).

< Old English
\leper
['lep%(r)] n.
o  person with leprosy.
o  person who is shunned.

< Greek lepros scaly
\leprechaun
n. small mischievous sprite in Irish folklore.
\lest
conj. formal
o  in order that not, for fear that (lest he forget).
o  that (afraid lest we should be late).

< Old English, cf. less

Usage:  Lest is followed by should or the subjunctive¨
   (see examples above).
\let
v.

let go lose hold of;  release.

let off fire (a gun etc.).
\let's
[lets] contraction of let us, used to express¨
   a suggestion, command, etc., by the speaker to¨
   himself and his hearers.
\lethal
pŅj. causing or capable of causing death.
\leukaemia
n. malignant disease in which the bone-marrow etc.¨
   produces too many leucocytes.
\levee
['levi] n. US
o  embankment against river floods.
o  natural embankment built up by a river.
o  landing-place.

< French, cf. levy
\Levi
['li:vai;  Hebrew 'levi] n.
\leviathan
n. sea-monster.
\levitate
v. rise and float in the air.
\levity
n. lack of serious thought, frivolity.

< Latin levis light
\lewd
[lju:d] adj.
o  lascivious.
o  obscene.

< Old English, originally = lay, vulgar
\liaison
[li'eiz%n] n.
o  communication or cooperation.
o  illicit sexual relationship.

< French lier bind liable
\libation
[lai'beiÓ(%)n] n.
o  pouring out of a drink-offering to a god.
o  such a drink-offering.

< Latin
\liberalist
n. an advocate of liberalism.  Cf. "liberal".
\libido
n. psychic drive or energy, esp. that associated with¨
   sexual desire.

libidinal adj.

< Latin, = lust
\licentious
[lai'senÓ%s] adj. sexually promiscuous.

< Latin, cf. licence
\licit
['lisit] adj. formal permitted, lawful.

< Latin, cf. licence
\lie
lie1 v. euph. "to compromise the truth fully".

lie2 (lie-lay-lain) v.
\lied
[li:d] n. (pl. lieder) German song, esp. of the¨
   Romantic period.

< German
\lief
[li:f] adv. gladly;  willingly (I would as lief go¨
   south as not).

adj. archaic
o  willing;  desirous.
o  dear;  beloved;  treasured.

liefly adv.

< bef. 900;  Middle English leef < Old English l×of¨
   < Old Saxon liof, cf. Old High German liob, Old¨
   Norse ljÕfr, Gothic liufs, akin to love
\liege
adj. usu. hist. entitled to receive, or bound to¨
   give, feudal service or allegiance.

n.
o  (in full liege lord) feudal superior or sovereign.
o  (usu. in pl.) vassal, subject.

< medieval Latin laeticus < probably Germanic
\lieu
['lju:, lu:] adv. instead;  in place of.

< Old French << Latin locus place
\lieutenant
n. deputy.
\liever
adv. rather.  Tolkien.
\lifespan
n. the period of one's life;  the length of life.
\lifetime
n. the duration of a man's etc. life.
\lightweight
n.
o  one that weighs relatively little, esp. a boxer or¨
   wrestler weighing between 127 and 135 pounds.
o  a person of little ability, intelligence,¨
   influence, or importance.

lightweight adj.
\likewise
['laikwaiz] adj. also.
\lilac
[lail&k] pj. ÓeŅÉk, bez.

pŅj. fialovŁ, ÓeŅÉkovŁ.
\Lilliputian
adj. extremely small.
\lily
n. (pl. -ies)
o  bulbous plant with large trumpet-shaped flowers on¨
   a tall stem.
o  heraldic fleur-de-lis.

< Latin lilium
\limbo
limbo1 n.
o  (in some Christian beliefs) supposed abode of the¨
   souls of unbaptized infants, and of the just who¨
   died before Christ.
o  intermediate state or condition of awaiting¨
   a decision etc.

< Latin in limbo limb

pj.
o  pŅedpeklÉ.
o  vÅzenÉ.
o  zanedbanost.

limbo2 n. W. Indian dance in which the dancer bends¨
   backwards to pass under a horizontal bar which is¨
   progressively lowered.

< W. Indian word, perhaps = limber
\limerick
n. humorous five-line verse with a rhyme-scheme¨
   aabba.

< origin uncertain
\limn
n. archaic paint.
\limp
limp1 v. walk or proceed lamely or awkwardly.

n. lame walk.

perhaps < obsolete limphalt, cf. halt

limp2 adj.
o  not stiff or firm.
o  without energy or will.

limply adv.  limpness n.

< perhaps < limp 1
\limpid
['limp%d] adj.
o  crystal clear;  transparent;  pellucid (limpid¨
   streams).
o  clear and simple in style (limpid prose).
o  absolutely serene and untroubled.

limpidity n.
limpidly adv.
limpidness n.

< French or Latin < Latin limpidus < perh. lympha¨
   water, cf. lymph (1613)
\linden
n. lime-tree;  basswood.

< Old English lind(e)
\lineament
['lini%m%nt] n. (usu. in pl.) distinctive feature or¨
   characteristic, esp. of the face.

< Latin, cf. line
\lingua franca
n. language used in common by speakers with different¨
   native languages.
\lining
n.
o  material used to line a garment, curtain, etc.
o  material, such as mull or brown paper, used to¨
   strengthen the back of a book.
o  civil engineering a layer of concrete, brick, or¨
   timber, etc., used in canals to prevent them¨
   leaking or in tunnels to prevent them falling in.
o  any material used as an interior covering.
\lintel
n. horizontal piece of timber, stone, etc. above the¨
   door.
\lip-service
n. insincere expression of support etc.
\liquefy
v.
\liquor
['lik%] n.
o  any alcoholic drink, esp. spirits, or such drinks¨
   collectively.
o  any liquid substance, esp. that in which food has¨
   been cooked.
o  pharmacol. a solution of a pure substance in¨
   water.
o  brewing warm water added to malt to form wort.
o  in liquor drunk;  intoxicated.

v. brewing to steep (malt) in warm water to form¨
   wort;  mash.

< Old French < Latin liqu×re to be liquid
\lisp
n. speech defect in which s is pronounced like th in¨
   thick and z is pronounced like th in this.

v. speak or utter with a lisp.

< Old English
\lissom
adj. lithe, agile.
<< lithe
\list
list1 n.
o  number of items, names, etc., written or printed¨
   together as a record or aid to memory.
o  (in pl.) palisades enclosing an area for¨
   a tournament.
o  scene of a contest.

v.
o  make a list of.
o  enter in a list.
o  (as listed adj.) (of securities) approved for¨
   dealings on the Stock Exchange.
o  (of a building) of historical importance and¨
   officially protected.

enter the lists issue or accept a challenge.

< Old English

list2 v. (of a ship etc.) lean over to one side.

n. process or instance of listing.

< origin unknown
\listless
adj. lacking energy or enthusiasm.

listlessly adv.  listlessness n.

< obsolete list inclination
\litany
n.
o  series of supplications to God recited by a priest¨
   etc. with set responses by the congregation.
o  (the Litany) that in the Book of Common Prayer.
o  tedious recital (litany of woes).

< Greek litaneia prayer
\lithe
adj. flexible, supple.
\litigant
n. party to a lawsuit.

adj. engaged in a lawsuit.

< litigate
\litigate
['litigeit] v.
o  go to law.
o  contest (a point) at law.

litigation n.  litigator n.

< Latin lis lit- lawsuit
\litigious
adj. fond of litigation.
\litotes
n. (pl. same) ironic understatement, esp. using the¨
   negative (e.g. I shan't be sorry for I shall be¨
   glad).

< Greek litos plain, meagre
\Little Russia
Ukraine.
\little woman
n. (prec. by the) colloq. often derog. one's wife.
\liturgy
['lit%dŚi] n.
o  prescribed form of public worship.
o  (the Liturgy) the Book of Common Prayer.¨

liturgical adj.
liturgically adv.

< Greek leitourgia public worship
\livid
adj.
o  bluish leaden colour.
o  informal furious.
\Liz
n. colloq. Elizabeth.
\llama
n. South-American ruminant kept for its fleece etc.
\lo
v. look.
\loam
n. rich soil of clay, sand, and humus.

loamy adj.

< Old English
\loan translation
n. (also known as calque)
o  a compound word or expression formed by¨
   translation of each of the elements of a compound¨
   from another language, as gospel (Old English¨
   godspell) from Greek euang×lion good news or¨
   marriage of convenience from French mariage de¨
   convenance.
o  the process whereby such a compound is formed.

< 1930-5
\loath
predic. adj. (also loth) disinclined;  reluctant¨
   (loath to admit it).

< Old English
\loathe
[l%u$] v. detest, hate, abhor.

loathing n.

< Old English
\loathly
loathly1 adv. reluctantly;  unwillingly.

loathly2 adj. archaic loathsome;  hideous; repulsive.
\loathsome
['l%u$s%m] adj. arousing hatred or disgust;¨
   repulsive.
\lobe
n. a rounded projection, esp. a projecting anatomical¨
   part such as the fleshy lower part of the ear.

lobar adj.  lobed adj.
\lobotomy
[l%'bot%mi] n. incision into the frontal lobe of the¨
   brain, formerly used in some cases of mental¨
   disorder.

< lobe
\locket
['lokit] n. small ornamental case for a portrait or¨
   lock of hair, worn on a chain round the neck.

< French diminutive of loc latch, cf. "lock"
\Lockian
adj. of the philosophy of John Locke.
\lockjaw
n. form of tetanus in which the jaws become rigidly¨
   locked.
\locomotion
n. the act or capability of moving from place to¨
   place.
\locus
n. the scene of an event or action (especially the¨
   place of a meeting).
\locutionary
adj. of or pertaining to the act of conveying¨
   semantic content in an utterance, considered as¨
   independent of the interaction between the speaker¨
   and the listener.
\lodestone
n. magnetic oxide of iron.
\lodge
v. to live in a rented room.
\loft
n.
o  the space inside a roof.
o  a gallery, esp. one for the choir in a church.
o  a raised house or coop for pigeons.

< Late Old English < Old Norse lopt air, ceiling, cf.¨
   German luft air
\lofty
adj. of imposing height.
\loggerhead
n. thick-headed or stupid person;  blockhead.
\logistics
n. organisation of a complex operation, originally¨
   supplying etc. an army.
\log-jam
n. deadlock.
\loiter
v. stand about idly.
\loll
v.
o  stand, sit or recline in a lazy attitude.
o  hang loosely (about a tongue etc.).
o  waste one's time.

< imitative
\Lollard
['lol%rd] n. English or Scottish follower of the¨
   religious teachings of John Wycliffe.

Lollardy n.  Lollardry n.  Lollardism n.
\long-boat
n. sailing-ship's largest boat.
\long s
n. formerly a letter of the English alphabet looking¨
   like an "f".  This character is not available in¨
   WordPerfect 6 file CHARACTR.DOC.
\long-winded
adj. tediously lengthy (of speech or writing).
\lookout
n. US look-out.
\loom
n. the part of an oar between the blade and the¨
   handle.
\loophole
n.
o  means of evading a rule etc. without infringing¨
   it.
o  narrow vertical slit in the wall of a fort etc.
\loose
[lu:s] adj.
\loosen
v. make or become loose or looser.

loosen a person's tongue make a person talk freely.
¨
loosen up
o  relax.
o  limber up.
\lop
v. (-pp-)
o  (often foll. by off, away) cut or remove (a part¨
   or parts) from a whole, esp. branches from a tree.
o  remove branches from (a tree).
o  (often foll. by off) remove (items) as¨
   superfluous.

< Old English
\lope
v. run with a long, bounding stride.
\lopsided
adj. unevenly balanced.
\lore
n. body of traditions and knowledge on a subject or¨
   held by a particular group (bird lore;  Gypsy¨
   lore).

< Old English, cf. learn
\loss-leader
n. item sold at a loss to attract customers.
\loth
var. of loath.
\lough
[lok, lox] n. Ir. lake, arm of the sea.

< Irish, cf. loch
\louse
n. (pl. lice) parasitic insect.

pj. veÓ.
\lousy
['lauzi] adj. very bad;  disgusting.
\lout
n. rough-mannered person.
\lovelorn
adj. pining from unrequited love.
\low-key
adj. (also low-keyed adj.)
o  having a low intensity or tone.
o  restrained, subdued, or understated.
o  (of a photograph, painting, etc.) having¨
   a predominance of dark grey tones or dark colours¨
   with few highlights, cf. high-key.

pŅj.
o  tichŁ.
o  pŅen. nedŹleŚitŁ.

pj. pŅen. malŁ pĮn.
\Low Mass
n. mass that is not sung and is less ceremonial than¨
   a High Mass.

pj. malĮ mÓe, porov. velkĮ mÓe.
\lubber
n. clumsy fellow, lout.

< origin uncertain
\lucerne
pj. rostl. vojtÅÓka.
\Luddite
n.
o  person opposed to industrial progress or new¨
   technology.
o  hist. member of a band of English artisans who¨
   destroyed machinery (1811-6).

adj. of the Luddites.

Ludditism n.

< Ned Lud, destroyer of machinery
\ludicrous
adj. absurd, ridiculous, laughable.

pŅj. smÅÓnŁ.
\lug
lug1 v. to drag or haul with great difficulty.

lug2 n. a projecting piece by which something is¨
   connected, supported, or lifted.
\lugubrious
adj. doleful.
\lukewarm
adj. moderately warm;  unenthusiastic.
\lull
v. soothe or send to sleep.
\lumber
v.
o  to pile together in a disorderly manner.
o  Brit. informal to burden with something¨
   unpleasant, tedious, etc.
o  to move in a slow, clumsy way.
\luminous
adj.
o  shedding light.
o  phosphorescent, visible in darkness (luminous¨
   paint).

luminosity n.
\lunge
n.
o  sudden movement forward.
o  the basic attacking move in fencing.
o  long rope on which a horse is held and made to¨
   circle round its trainer.

v. (usu. foll. by at, out) deliver or make a lunge.

< French allonger < long long
\lupus
n. any of several diseases of the skin and mucous¨
   membranes, many causing disfiguring lesions.
\lurch
n.

leave in the lurch desert (a friend etc.) in¨
   difficulties.

< obsolete French lourche a kind of backgammon
\lure
v. to entice.
\lurk
v.
o  linger furtively.
o  lie in ambush.
o  (usu. foll. by in, under, about, etc.) hide, esp.¨
   for sinister purposes.
o  (as lurking adj.) dormant (a lurking suspicion).

< perhaps < lour
\lush
adj. (of vegetation) growing abundantly.
\luthier
n.
o  lute maker.
o  maker of any stringed instrument.
\luxuriant
adj.
o  growing profusely.
o  exuberant.
o  florid.

luxuriance n.  luxuriantly adv.

Usage:  Luxuriant is sometimes confused with¨
   luxurious.

< Latin, cf. luxury
\macadam
n. broken stone as material for road-making.
\mace
n. staff of office, esp. symbol of the Speaker¨
   s authority in the House of Commons.
\macron
n. mark over a long or stressed vowel.
\Madame
[m%'da:m, 'm&d%m] n.
o  (pl. Mesdames [mei'da:m, -'d&m]) Mrs or madam¨
   (used of or to a French-speaking woman).
o  (madame) = madam.

< French ma dame my lady
\madcap
adj. wildly impulsive.

n. wildly impulsive person.
\Mademoiselle
n. Miss.

< French
\madrigal
n. part-song, usu. unaccompanied, for several voices.
\maenad
n. frenzied woman.
\magazine
n.
\maggot
n. larva, especially of the housefly or bluebottle.
\magistrate
n.
o  civil officer administering the law.
o  official conducting a court for minor cases and¨
   preliminary hearings.

< Latin, cf. master
\magnate
n. wealthy and influential person, usu. in business.

< Latin magnus great
\magpie
pj. straka.
\magus
n. (pl. magi [meidŚai])
\maidenhead
n.
o  virginity.
o  hymen.
\maieutic
adj. of or pertaining to the Socratic method of¨
   eliciting new ideas from someone.

1645-55 < Greek maieutikĻs lit., skilled in midwifery¨
   = maieÕ(esthai) to serve as a midwife (derivative¨
   of ma a = midwife) + -tikos -tic
\mail
mail1 n.
o  letters and parcels etc. carried by post.
o  postal system.
o  one complete delivery or collection of mail.
o  email.
o  vehicle carrying mail.

v. send by post or email.

mailman n.

< French male wallet

mail2 n. armour of metal rings or plates.

< French maille < Latin macula
\mainstream
pj. pŅevlĮdajÉcÉ zpŹsob Śivota.
\maison
n. house.
\major
adj. hud. durovŁ.
\make-believe
n. playful or fanciful pretence.
\makeshift
adj. temporary.
\make-up
n.
o  cosmetics, as used generally or by actors.
o  character, temperament, etc.
o  composition (of a thing).
o  rescheduled or additional (make-up class, make-up¨
   examination).
\malady
n. a disease, disorder, or ailment.
\malaise
n.
o  a feeling of unease or demoralisation.
o  a vague feeling of illness or depression.
\malevolent
[m%'levol%nt] adj. wishing evil to others.
¨
malevolence n.  malevolently adv.

< Latin volo wish
\malign
[m%'lain] adj.
o  (of a thing) injurious.
o  (of a disease) malignant.
o  malevolent.

v. speak ill of;  slander.

malignity [m%'ligniti] n.

< Latin malus bad
\malignant
adj.
o  (of a disease) very virulent or infectious.
o  (of a tumour) spreading or recurring;  cancerous.
o  harmful;  feeling or showing intense ill-will.

malignancy n.  malignantly adv.

< Latin, cf. malign
\mallet
['m&lit] n.
o  tool with a large head for driving another tool or¨
   for striking a surface without marring it.
o  hammerlike implement for striking a ball (as in¨
   polo or croquet).

pj. paliĆka.
\mana
['ma:n%] n. a supernatural force that may be¨
   concentrated in objects or persons.

1835-45 < Polynesian
\manacle
n. (usu. in pl.)
o  fetter for the hand;  handcuff.
o  restraint.

v. fetter with manacles.

< Latin manus hand
\mandarin
n.
o  (Mandarin) official language of China.
o  hist. Chinese official.
o  powerful person, esp. a top civil servant.
o  (in full mandarin orange) = tangerine.

< Hindi mantrÉ
\mandrake
n. poisonous narcotic plant with large yellow fruit.
\mane
n. long hair on the neck of a lion, horse etc.
\manege
n. (also man‚ge)
o  riding-school.
o  movements of a trained horse.
o  horsemanship.

< Italian, cf. manage
\maneuver
n. the usual US spelling of manoeuvre.
\Manfred
mj. Manfr×d.
\mange
n. ['meindŚ] skin disease in hairy and woolly¨
   animals.

mangy adj. [meindŚi]

< French mangeue itch < Latin manduco chew
\manger
n. box or trough for horses or cattle to feed from.

< Latin, cf. mange
\mangle
n. machine of two or more cylinders for squeezing¨
   water from and pressing wet clothes.
\Manichaean
n. adherent to a religious school that combines¨
   elements of Christianity and Buddhism.
\manifest
['m&ni,fest] adj. clear or obvious to the eye or¨
   mind.

v.
o  to show (a quality or feeling) by one's acts etc.
o  to show plainly to the eye or mind.
o  be evidence of;  prove.
o  refl. (of a thing) to reveal itself.
o  (of a ghost) appear.

n. cargo or passenger list.

manifestation n.  manifestly adv.

< Latin manifestus
\Manila hemp
n. strong fibre of a kind of tree native to the¨
   Philippines.
\manna
n.
o  substance miraculously supplied as food to the¨
   Israelites in the wilderness (Exod. 16).
o  unexpected benefit (esp. manna from heaven).

< Old English < Hebrew
\manner
pj. zpŹsob.
\man-of-war
n. (pl. men-of-war) warship.
\mansard
n. roof with four sloping sides.
\mantilla
n. lace scarf worn by Spanish women over the hair and¨
   shoulders.
\mantle
n. a loose sleevless outer garment.
\mar
v. (-rr-) spoil;  disfigure.

< Old English
\marble
n. small, esp. glass, ball as a toy.
\mare
n. female equine animal, esp. a horse.
\marchioness
n. wife or widow of a marquess.
\marionette
[,m&ri%'net] n. an articulated puppet or doll whose¨
   jointed limbs are moved by strings.

pj. loutka.

< French Marion, diminutive of Marie Mary + -ette
\marital
['m&rit(%)l] adj. of marriage or marriage relations.

< Latin maritus husband
\marketing
pj. tŁkajÉcÉ se odbytu.

marketing department odbytov× oddÅlenÉ.
\marquess
var. of marquis.
\marquise
n. marchioness.
\marsh
n. an area of low-lying wet land.
\mart
n.
o  trade centre.
o  auction-room.
o  market.

< Dutch, cf. "market"
\martin
['ma:tin] n. a kind of swallow, esp. the¨
   house-martin and sand-martin.

< probably St Martin, name of a 4th-c. bishop
\Marxism
n. political and economic theories of Marx,¨
   predicting the overthrow of capitalism and common¨
   ownership of the means of production in¨
   a classless society.

Marxist n. and adj.
\maskelles
adj. spotless.

< Middle English
\Masonic
adj. of Freemasons.
\masticate
['m&sti,keit] v. grind or chew (food) with one's¨
   teeth.

mastication n.  masticatory adj.

< Latin < Greek
\mastiff
n. a dog of a large strong breed with drooping ears.

< Latin mansuetus tame
\matchbox
n. box for holding matches.
\matchmaker
n. kuplÉŅka, osoba kterĮ obstarĮvĮ vdavky.
\material
pŅj. hmotnŁ, materiĮlnÉ.

pj. spotŅebnÉ pŅedmÅty, materiĮl.
\matey
adj. sociable, familiar, friendly.
\mathematics
pj. poĆty, matematika.
\matin×e
n. afternoon performance in the theatre, cinema etc.

< French
\matins
n. (also mattins) (as sing. or pl.) morning prayer,¨
   esp. in the Church of England.

< Latin matutinus of the morning
\matriculate
v. to enroll in a group, esp. a college or¨
   university.
\matrimony
n. the rite or state of marriage.
\matrix
n.

< Latin matrix womb
\Matthew
mj. MatÅj, MatouÓ, MatyĮÓ.
\mattock
n. agricultural tool like a pickaxe, with an adze and¨
   a chisel edge.

pj. krumpĮĆ.

< Old English
\maudlin
adj. weakly or tearfully sentimental, esp. from¨
   drunkenness.

< French Madeleine, referring to pictures of Mary¨
   Magdalen weeping
\Maundy
['mo:ndi] n. distribution of Maundy money.

< French mand× < Latin mandatum command
\Maundy money
n. specially minted silver coins distributed by the¨
   British sovereign on Maundy Thursday.
\Maundy Thursday
n. Thursday before Easter.
\mauve
adj. pale purple.
\maverick
['m&v%rik] n.
o  unorthodox or independent-minded person.
o  US unbranded calf or yearling.

< Maverick, name of an owner of unbranded cattle
\maw
n.
o  stomach of an animal or colloq. greedy person.
o  jaws or throat of a voracious animal.

< Old English
\mawkish
['mo:kiÓ] adj. feebly sentimental;  sickly.

mawkishly adv.  mawkishness n.

< obsolete mawk maggot
\maybe
adv. perhaps.

< it may be
\mayhem
['meihem] n. destruction;  havoc.
\mead
[mi:d] n. medovina.
\meagre
adj. (US meager)
o  scant in amount or quality.
o  thin, lean.

< Anglo-French megre < Latin macer
\mean
n. (also average, arithmetic mean) the average value¨
   of a set of integers, terms, or quantities,¨
   expressed as their sum divided by their number¨
   (the arithmetic mean of 3, 4, and 8 is 5). Cf.¨
   geometric mean.
\meander
v.
o  wander at random.
o  (of a stream) wind about.
\measles
n. pl. (also treated as sing.) infectious viral¨
   disease marked by a red rash.

pj. mnĆ. spalniĆky.

< Low German or Dutch
\measly
adj. slang contemptibly small (a measly tip).
\median
n. statistics the middle value in a frequency¨
   distribution, below and above which lie values¨
   with equal total frequencies.
\mediate
v.
o  (often foll. by between) intervene (between¨
   disputants) to settle a quarrel etc.
o  bring about (a result) thus.

< Latin medius middle
\mediocrity
n.
o  being mediocre.
o  a mediocre person.
\medley
n. varied mixture.
\meed
[mi:d] n. archaic reward;  recompense.

pj. odmÅna.

< bef. 900;  Middle English mede, Old English m×d,¨
   cf. Old Frisian m×de, Old High German m×ta, mieta;¨
   akin to Old English meord, Gothic mizdĻ, Greek¨
   misthĻs reward
\meerkat
n. S. African mongoose.
\m×lange
n. mixture, medley.

< French
\meliorism
n. doctrine that the world can be made better by¨
   man's (liberal's) effort.
\mellifluous
adj. (of a voice etc.) pleasing, musical, flowing.

mellifluously adv.  mellifluousness n.

< Latin mel honey, fluo flow
\mellow
adj.
o  (of sound, colour, light) soft and rich, free from¨
   harshness.
o  (of character) gentle;  mature.
o  genial, jovial.
o  euphem. partly intoxicated.
o  (of fruit) soft, sweet, and juicy.
o  (of wine) well-matured, smooth.
o  (of earth) rich, loamy.

v. make or become mellow.

mellowly adv.  mellowness n.

< origin unknown
\melodrama
n.
o  a sensational play or film appealing blatantly to¨
   the senses and emotions.
o  a play or film that relies on suspense and¨
   conventional sentiment.
o  this type of drama.
o  theatrical language, behaviour, etc.¨

melodramatic adj.  melodramatically adv.

< Greek melos music + drama
\memoir
['memwa:]
o  a biography or historical account, esp. one based¨
   on personal knowledge.
o  an essay or monograph, as on a specialized topic.
o  Obsolete a memorandum.

memoirist n.

< French < Latin memoria memory
\menagerie
n. a small zoo.
\mendacious
adj. lying, untruthful.

mendacity n.

< Latin mendax
\mendicant
adj.
o  begging.
o  (of a friar) living solely on alms.
o  beggar.
o  mendicant friar.

< Latin mendicus beggar
\menial
adj. degrading, servile.
\meningitis
n. inflammation of any or all of the meninges of the¨
   brain and spinal cord, usu. caused by a bacterial¨
   infection.

pj. zĮnÅt mozkovŁch blan.
\meniscus
n. the curved upper surface of a column of liquid in¨
   a test tube etc.;  when reading water level, read¨
   the bottom of the meniscus with your eye at proper¨
   level.
\mephitis
n.
o  an offensive smell;  stench.
o  a foul-smelling gas emitted from the earth.

mephitic adj.  mephitically adv.
\mercenary
n. a hired soldier in foreign service.
\mercy
n. compassion.
\mesmerise
v. to hypnotise.

mesmerism n.  mesmeriser n.
\mesocosm
n. the section of reality that a species is able to¨
   perceive, cf. microcosm, macrocosm.
\messenger
pj. posel, poslÉĆek.
\Messrs
pl. of "Mr."

< abbreviation of "Messieurs"
\metaphor
n.

live metaphor an original metaphor.
dead metaphor one that became a clich×.
\mete
[mi:t] v. (usu. foll. by out) literary apportion or¨
   allot (punishment or reward).

< Old English
\metempsychosis
n. the transmigration of the soul, esp. the passage¨
   of the soul after death into the body of another¨
   being.
\meticulous
adj. giving great attention to detail.
\metric
adj. of, designating, or using the metric system.

n. a measurement system.
\metro
['metr%u] n. the underground railway, esp. in Paris.

< French m×tropolitain
\mettle
['met(%)l] n.
o  quality or strength of character.
o  spirit, courage.

on one's mettle keen to do one's best.

mettlesome adj.

< "metal" n.
\mew
n. characteristic cry of a cat.
\miasma
[mai'&zm%] n. (pl. -mata or -s) archaic infectious or¨
   noxious vapour.

< Greek, = defilement
\Michaelmas
n. feast of St Michael, 29th September.
\mickle
['mik(%)l] n. (also muckle ['mak(%)l]) archaic or¨
   Scot. large amount.

many a little makes a mickle (orig. erroneously many¨
   a mickle makes a muckle) small amounts accumulate

< Old Norse
\microbial
adj. of a microbe.
\middle school
n. school for children from about 9 to 13 years.
\middling
adj. moderately good.

adv. fairly, moderately.
\midget
n. extremely small person or thing.
\midmorn
n. the time between the early morning and noon.
\midriff
n. front of the body just above the waist.

< Old English, = mid- belly
\midsummer
n.
o  the middle of the summer.
o  the summer solstice, about June 21.
\midterm
['mid,t%m] n.
o  the middle of an academic term.
o  an examination at midterm.
o  the approximate middle of a term of office.
\mien
[mi:n] n. literary person's look or bearing.
¨
< probably obsolete demean
\migraine
n. recurrent throbbing headache often with nausea and¨
   visual disturbance.
\milieu
[mi'lj%:] n. (pl. milieux) man's environment and¨
   social surroundings.
\milksop
n. a man who lacks manly qualities.
\milky
adj. meek or spiritless.
\millenium
[mi'lenium] n. a period of 1000 years.

< Latin mille thousand
\millet
['milit] n. any of several small-seeded cereal and¨
   forage grasses cultivated for grain or hay.

pj. proso, jĮhly.
\milliner
['milin%(r)] n. person who makes or sells women's¨
   hats.

millinery n.

< Milan in Italy
\MIME
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
\mimeograph
n. a machine used to produce multiple copies of¨
   a text from usu. typed stencils.
\mimesis
[mai'mi:sis] n.
o  --> SM.
o  mimicry.
\mimetic
n. of or practicing imitation or mimicry.
\mimosa
n. a shrub with globular, usu. yellow, flowers.
\mindset
n. (also mind-set)
o  fixed attitude or state of mind.
o  intention;  inclination.

< 1925-30
\minikin
n. delicate person or object.
\minimalism
n. (also minimal art) nonrepresentational art¨
   consisting chiefly of geometric shapes and forms.
\minion
n. derog. servile subordinate.

< French mignon
\minister
< Latin, = servant
\minor
hud. moll.
\minstrel
n. medieval singer or musician.
\minuscule
adj. colloq. extremely small or unimportant.

< Latin diminutive of minus
\minute
[mai'nju:t] adj.
o  very small.
o  detailed.
\minx
[mi@ks] n. pert, sly, or playful girl.
\mirabile dictu
Lat. strange to say.
\mirage
['mira:Ś] n.
o  an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of¨
   water often with inverted reflections of distant¨
   objects.
o  something that is illusory or insubstantial.

< Latin miro look at
\mirth
n. merriment, laughter.

mirthful adj.

< Old English, cf. "merry"
\misanthrope
['mi-] n. (also misanthropist [mi's&n-] Man who hates¨
   Mankind.
\misbegotten
adj. illegitimate, bastard.
\mischief
['misĆif] pj. Ókoda.
\mischievous
adj.
\misconstrue
v. interpret wrongly.
\miscreant
['miskri%nt] n. vile wretch, villain.

< French, cf. mis-, creant believer
\misdemeanour
n. misdeed.
\miser
n. a person who hoards wealth and lives miserably.
\Miserere
n. prayer or expression of appeal for mercy.
\misgiving
n. (usu. in pl.) a feeling of doubt or suspicion.
\misguided
[mis'gaidid] adj. mistaken in thought or action.

misguidedly adv.  misguidedness n.
\missive
['misiv] n.
o  joc. letter.
o  official letter.

< Latin, cf. "missile"
\missus
var. of "missis".
\mistletoe
pj. jmelÉ.
\mite
n. small object or person, esp. a child.
\mitigate
v. make less intense or severe.

mitigation n.

< Latin mitis mild
\mixer
n.
o  machine for mixing foods etc.
o  person who manages socially in a specified way¨
   (a good mixer).
o  (usu. soft) drink to be mixed with another.
o  device that receives two or more separate signals¨
   from microphones etc. and combines them in¨
   a single output.
\mixup
--> mix-up
\mix-up
n.
o  confusion, misunderstanding.
o  Informal a fight

mix up v., adv.
o  to make into a mixture (to mix up ingredients).
o  to confuse or confound (Tom mixes John up with¨
   Bill).
o  (often passive) to put (someone) into a state of¨
   confusion (I'm all mixed up).
o  (foll. by in or with;  usually passive) to involve¨
   (in an activity or group, esp. one that is¨
   illegal) (Why did you get mixed up in that drugs¨
   racket?).

mix it up U.S. and Canadian Informal to fight.
\Mme
abbr. (pl. -s) Madame.
\mobocracy
pj. luzovlĮda.
\modal
adj. of mode or form, not of substance.

< Latin modus
\model
n.

v. (-ll-)

< Latin
\modern
adj.

< Latin modo just now
\modernism
n. modern ideas or methods, esp. in art;  the¨
   reflection on modernity in art.

modernist n. and adj.

pj. modernismus.
\modicum
['modik%m] n. (foll. by of) small quantity.

< Latin, cf. "mode"
\modish
adj. fashionable.

modishly adv.
\mogul
n.
o  important person.
o  Mongolian.
\moiety
n. half
\molar
adj. (usu. of a mammal back teeth) serving to grind.

n. molar tooth.

< Latin mola millstone
\mold
US var. of mould.
\molehill
pj. krtĆinec.

to make a mountain out of a molehill udÅlat z komĮra¨
   velblouda.
\mollify
v. appease.
\molten
adj. melted, esp. made liquid by heat.

< melt
\mom
n. informal mother.
\momentous
adj. very important.
\monad
n.
o  unit.
o  philos. the ultimate unit of being.
\monarch
n.

monarchical adj.
\monastery
n. residence of a community of monks.

monastic adj.

< Latin
\mongoose
n. small flesh-eating civet-like mammal.
\mongrel
n. organism of indefinable breed or type.
\monitor
n. person or device for checking or warning.
\monk
[ma@k] n. member of a religious community of men¨
   living under vows usu. in a monastery.

monkish adj.

< Greek monakhos < monos alone
\monograph
n. treatise on a single subject.
\montage
[mon'ta:Ś] n.
o  selection, cutting, and piecing together as¨
   a consecutive whole, of separate sections of¨
   cinema or television film.
o  composite whole made from juxtaposed photographs¨
   etc.
o  production of this.

< French, cf. mount
\moo
n. the deep, throaty sound made by a cow.

v.
\moola
['mu:l%] n. slang (also moolah) money.

< 1905-10;  Americanism, origin uncertain
\moonshine
n. illicitly distilled or smuggled alcohol.
\moonshot
n. launching of a spacecraft to the moon.
\moorhen
n. small waterfowl.
\moot
[mu:t] adj. debatable, undecided (moot point).

v. raise (a question) for discussion.

n. hist. assembly.

< Old English
\morality play
pj. moralita.
\morass
[m%'r&s] n.
o  entanglement;  confusion.
o  literary bog.

< French marais, cf. "marsh"
\mordant
adj.
o  bitingly sarcastic.
o  incisive and trenchant.

mordancy n.  mordantly adv.
\mores
['mo:reiz] n. pl. customs or conventions of¨
   a community.

< Latin, pl. of mos custom
\morgue
n. mortuary.
\moribund
adj. at the point of death.

moribundly adv.  moribundity n.
\morning star
n. a planet, traditionally Venus, seen in the east at¨
   sunrise.
\morsel
n. mouthful;  small piece (esp. of food).
\mortise
n. hole in a part designed to receive the projecting¨
   end of another part (esp. a tenon).
\Moslem
n. var. of Muslim.
\mote
n. speck of dust.
\motel
n. roadside hotel for motorists.

< motor hotel
\motet
n. a polyphonic musical composition, often based on¨
   a religious text.
\motherboard
pj. zĮkladnÉ deska.
\motif
[mo%'ti:f] n. theme that is repeated and developed in¨
   an artistic work.
\motley
['motli] adj. (-lier, -liest)
o  diversified in colour.
o  of varied character (a motley crew).

n. hist. jester's particoloured costume.

< origin unknown
\motor
pj. pohon, pohonnĮ jednotka.
\mottle
v. (esp. as mottled adj.) mark with spots or smears¨
   of colour.

< back-formation from "motley"
\mould
[mould] n. (US mold) hollow container into which¨
   a substance is poured or pressed to harden into¨
   a required shape.

pj. kadlub, forma.

< Latin modulus
\moulding
n. ornamentally shaped outline of plaster etc. as an¨
   architectural feature, esp. in a cornice.
\mound
n. raised mass of earth, stones etc.
\mountebank
n.
o  swindler;  charlatan.
o  hist. itinerant quack.

< Italian, = mount on bench
\mouthpiece
n. person who speaks for another or others.
\mow
v. to cut with a scythe or machine.
\MRI
abbr. magnetic resonance imaging.
\MS
abbr.
o (as Ms [miz, m%s]) a title substituted for Mrs or¨
   Miss before a woman's name to avoid making¨
   a distinction between married and unmarried women.
o  Master of Surgery.
o  (on gravestones) memoriae sacrum [Latin:  sacred¨
   to the memory of]
o  Mississippi.
o  motor ship.
o  multiple sclerosis.
o  international car registration for Mauritius
o  (also as ms., pl., MSS. or mss.) manuscript.
\mucilage
n.
o  viscous substance obtained from plants.
o  adhesive gum.
\muck
n. a mixture of mud and filth.
\muckrake
v. to search out and reveal scandal.
\muddle
n. disorder;  confusion.
\muff
v. colloq.
o  bungle.
o  miss (a catch, ball, etc.).
\mug
v. attack and rob.
\muggy
adj. warm and very humid.

mugginess n.  muggily adv.
\mug shot
n. slang photograph of a face, esp. for police¨
   records.
\mulatto
n. person of mixed White and Black parentage.
\mulch
n. layer of wet straw, leaves, or plastic, etc.¨
   spread around or over a plant to enrich or¨
   insulate the soil.
\mull
mull1 v. to ponder or ruminate (mull over a book).

mull2 v. to heat and spice a beverage, esp. wine.
\multifarious
adj.
o  many and various.
o  of great variety.

multifariousness n.

< Latin multifarius
\mummery
o  ridiculous (esp. religious) ceremonial.
o  performance by mummers.

< French momerie, cf. mummer
\mummy
mummy1 n. embalmed body.

mummy2 ['mami] n. Chiefly Brit. a child's word for¨
   mother.

< variant of mum
\mumps
n. pl. (treated as sing.) infectious disease with¨
   swelling of the neck and face.

< imitative of mouth-shape
\munch
v. eat steadily with a marked action of the jaws.
\mundane
[man'dein] adj.
o  dull, routine.
o  of this world.

mundanely adv.  mundanity [-'d&niti] n.

< Latin mundus world
\muon
n. unstable elementary particle with a mass greater¨
   than that of electron.
\muse
v. ponder, reflect.
\musket
n. a smoothbore, long-barreled shoulder gun.

musketeer n.

pj. muÓketa.
\Muslim
n. (also Moslem) a follower of the Islamic religion.

adj.
\mussel
n. bivalve mollusc used for food.
\muster
v.
o  collect (orig. soldiers) for inspection, to check¨
   numbers, etc.
o  collect, gather together.
o  summon (courage etc.).

n. assembly of persons for inspection.

pass muster be accepted as adequate.

< Latin monstro show
\mutatis mutandis
making the necessary changes.

< Latin
\mutton
n. flesh of sheep as food.
\muzzle
n.
o  the projecting part of an animal's face, including¨
   the jaws, mouth and nose.
o  a guard or strap fitted over an animal's nose and¨
   jaws to prevent it biting or eating.
o  the front end of a gun barrel.

v.
o  to prevent from being heard or noticed (to muzzle¨
   the press).
o  to put a muzzle on (an animal).
o  to take in (a sail).

muzzler n.

pj. ĆumĮk.

< mosel < Old French musel, diminutive of muse snout,¨
   < Medieval Latin mÕsus, of unknown origin
\muzzy
adj. indistinct.
\mya
--> MYA
\MYA
abbr. million years ago.
\myopia
n. the inability to see distant objects clearly¨
   because the images are focused in front of the¨
   retina;  short-sightedness.

myopic adj.  myopically adv.

pj. krĮtkozrakost.

< New Latin < Greek muops short-sighted
\myopic
--> myopia
\myriad
literary n. an indefinitely great number.

adj. innumerable.

< Greek murioi 10,000
\myrrh
[m%(r)] n. gum resin used in perfume, medicine,¨
   incense, etc.

< Latin myrrha < Greek
\myrtle
n. evergreen shrub with shiny leaves and scented¨
   flowers.
\mysterious
adj. full of or wrapped in mystery.

mysteriously adv.  mysteriousness n.

< French mystery
\mystery
pj.
o  tajemstvÉ, myst×rium.
o  kult.
o  myst×rie (stŅedovÅk× drama).
o  nĮboŚenskŁ obŅad.
o  mnĆ. Eucharistie.
\myth
v. middle Eng. may.
\nab
v. (-bb-) slang
o  arrest;  catch in wrongdoing.
o  grab.

< 1675-85 perh. < Scandinavian
\nadir
n. lowest point; time of despair.
\nag
nag1 v. (-gg-)
o  persistently criticize or scold.
o  (often foll. by at) find fault or urge, esp.¨
   persistently.
o  (of a pain) be persistent.

< originally a dial. word

nag2 n. colloq. horse.

< origin unknown
\naiad
n. water-nymph.
\naive
naivety n. (also nai"vet× n.)

< Latin nativus native
\nameday
--> name-day
\name-day
n. the feast day of a saint whose name one bears.

pj. jmeniny, svĮtek.
\namely
adv.
o  that is to say;  in other words.
o  specifically (a new item of legislation, namely,¨
   the housing bill).
\nankeen
n. [nan'ki:n] durable brownish yellow cotton fabric¨
   originally woven by hand in China.
\nape
n. back of the neck.
\nasal
adj.

< Latin nasus nose
\nasalised
adj. of a vowel which is pronounced in such a way¨
   that the air comes simultaneously through the nose¨
   and mouth.
\nascent
adj. in the act of being born.
\nasturtium
n. trailing plant with edible leaves and bright¨
   orange, yellow or red flowers.
\nativity
[n%'tiviti] n.
o  (esp. the Nativity) a Christ's birth.
o  festival of Christ's birth.
o  birth.

< Latin, cf. native
\NATO
['neitou] abbr. (also Nato) North Atlantic Treaty¨
   Organization.
\natural number
n. a whole number greater than zero.
\navel
n. depression in the centre of the belly marking the¨
   site of attachment of the umbilical cord.

< Old English
\NAVPS
abbr. net asset value per share.
\nay
adv. or rather;  and even.
\Neanderthal
adj. of the type of man distributed in palaeolithic¨
   Europe.
\near-sighted
adj. relating to or suffering from myopia.

near-sightedness n.  near-sightedly adv.
\nebula
['nebjul%] n. (pl. nebulae [-,li:]) cloud of gas and¨
   dust seen in the night sky, sometimes glowing and¨
   sometimes appearing as a dark silhouette.

nebular adj.

< Latin, = mist
\nebulous
adj.
o  cloudlike.
o  indistinct, vague.
\necromancy
n.
o  divination by supposed communication with the¨
   dead.
o  magic.
\necrosis
[ne'krou-] n.
o  the death of one or more cells in the body,¨
   usually within a localised area, as from an¨
   interruption of the blood supply to that part.
o  death of plant tissue due to disease, frost, etc.

necrotic [ne'krotik] adj.

< New Latin < Greek nekrosis < nekroun to kill <¨
   nekros corpse

pj. odumŅenÉ bunÅk v urĆit× oblasti.
\nectar
n. the drink of the Greek and Roman gods.
\neologism
n.
o  new word.
o  coining of new words.

< Greek logos word
\neonate
n. a newborn child or one in its first 28 days.
\nephew
['nefju:] n. son of one's brother or sister or of¨
   one's spouse's brother or sister.

< Latin nepos
\nepotism
n. favoritism shown or patronage granted by persons¨
   in high office to relatives or close friends.

< Italian, cf. nephew
\nerd
n.
o  foolish, feeble, uninteresting or socially inept¨
   person.
o  one slavishly devoted to intellectual or academic¨
   pursuits (computer nerd).

pj. Óprt.
\nervous
adj.
o  silnŁ, svalnatŁ.
o  neklidnŁ.
\nest egg
n. sum of money saved for the future.
\nestle
['nes(%)l] v. settle oneself comfortably.
\net
v. to catch or surround in or as if in a net.
\neuralgia
[nju%'r&ldŚ%] n. intense pain along a nerve, esp. in¨
   the head or face.

neuralgic adj.
\neuter
adj.

< Latin neuter neither
\newel post
n. top or bottom supporting post of a stair-rail.

< Latin nodus knot
\newish
adj. almost new.

pŅj. zĮnovnÉ.
\news
zprĮva, zprĮvy, vÅsti.
\nexus
n. (pl. same) connected group or series.

< Latin necto nex- bind
\NGO
abbr. non-governmental organisation.
\nib
n. pen-point.
\nibble
v. (foll. by at)
o  take small bites at.
o  take cautious interest in.
o  eat in small amounts.
o  bite at gently, cautiously, or playfully.

n.
o  act of nibbling.
o  very small amount of food.

< Low German or Dutch
\niche
n. shallow recess.

< Latin nodis nest
\niece
[ni:s] n. daughter of one's brother or sister or of¨
   one's spouse's brother or sister.

pj. neteŅ.

< Latin neptis granddaughter
\niggard
n. stingy person.

< probably of Scandinavian origin
\nigh
[nai] adv., prep. and adj. archaic or dial. near.

< Old English
\nightingale
n. small reddish-brown bird which sings esp. at¨
   night.
\night table
pj. noĆnÉ stolek.
\-nik
suffix forming nouns denoting a person or quality¨
   (beatnik).

< Yiddish < Russian (as in sputnik and other Slavic¨
   languages)
\nil
n. nothing.

< Latin nil, var. of nilum
\nimble
adj. quick and light in movement or function;  agile.

nimbly adv.

< Old English, = quick to seize
\nimbus
n. (pl. nimbi [-bai] or nimbuses)
o  halo.
o  rain-cloud.

< Latin, = cloud
\nincompoop
n. foolish person.
\nip
nip1 v. (-pp-)
o  pinch, squeeze, or bite sharply.
o  (often foll. by off) remove by pinching etc.
o  (of the cold etc.) cause pain or harm to.
o  (foll. by in, out, etc.) colloq. go nimbly or¨
   quickly.

n.
o  pinch, sharp squeeze.
o  bite.
o  biting cold.

nip in the bud suppress or destroy (esp. an idea) at¨
   an early stage.

< Low German or Dutch

nip2 n. small quantity of spirits.

< nipperkin small measure
\nitre
n. saltpetre.
\nitwit
n. colloq. stupid person.

< perhaps nit, wit
\nock
n. notch or groove at the end of an arrow into which¨
   a bowstring fits.
\nocturnal
adj.
o  belonging to, occurring in, or active during the¨
   night;  cf. diurnal.
o  happening or done at night, esp. every night.
\nomad
n.
o  member of a tribe roaming from place to place for¨
   pasture.
o  wanderer.

nomadic adj.

< Greek nomas nomad- < nem to pasture
\nom de plume
[,nom d% 'plu:m] n. (pl. noms de plume pronunc. same)¨
   writer's assumed name.

< sham French, = pen-name
\nomenclature
['noumen,kleiĆ%r] n.
o  name, designation.
o  the act or process or an instance of naming.
o  a system or set of terms or symbols esp. in¨
   a particular science, discipline, or art.
o  an international system of standardized New Latin¨
   names used in biology for kinds and groups of¨
   kinds of animals and plants.

nomenclatural [,noum%n'kleiĆ%r%l] adj.

< Latin nomenclatura assigning of names < nomen +¨
   calatus, pp. of calare
\nominee
n. one who has been nominated.
\nomology
[nou'mol%dŚi] n.
o  the science dealing with physical laws.
o  the science dealing with the laws of the mind.

nomological adj.  nomologist n.

< 1835-45
\nonchalant
adj. calm and casual.
\noncommittal
adj. avoiding committment to a definite opinion or¨
   a course of action.
\nonplus
v. to bewilder;  perplex.
\nonsensical
adj. meaningless, senseless, silly.
\non sequitur
[non 'sekwitu(r)] n. conclusion that does not¨
   logically follow from the premisses.

< Latin, = it does not follow
\non-sequitur
> non sequitur
\no one
n. no person;  nobody.
\nook
[nuk] n.
o  a corner or narrow recess, as in a room.
o  a secluded or sheltered place;  retreat.
\noontide
['nu:ntaid] n.
o  the time of noon;  midday.
o  the highest or best point or part.

< bef. 1000;  Middle English nonetyde, Old English¨
   nĻntÉd
\nope
adv. colloq. no.
\norm
< Latin norma carpenter's square
\normal
adj.

normalcy n.  esp. US normality [-'m&liti] n.

< Latin normalis, cf. norm
\normative
['no:m%tiv] adj.
o  of or establishing a norm.
o  prescriptive, action-guiding.

< Latin, cf. norm
\nosegay
n. small bunch of flowers.
\nosh
slang v. to eat.

n.
o  food or drink.
o  US snack.

< Yiddish
\nosology
n.
o  the branch of medicine dealing with the systematic¨
   classification of diseases.
o  list or classification of diseases.

nosological adj.  nosologically adv.  nosologist n.
\nostalgia
n. bittersweet longing for things, persons or¨
   situations of the past.

nostalgic adj.
\nostrum
n. quack remedy;  patent medicine.
\note
n.

< Latin nota mark
\notable
adj.

notably adv.
\notch
n. v-shaped cut.
\notepaper
n. paper for writing letters.
\notorious
[n%u'to:ri%s] adj. well-known, esp. unfavourably.¨

< Latin notus known
\Notre-Dame
n. French Our Lady.
\noughts and crosses
piÓkvorky.
\noumenon
['nu:m%non] n. (pl. noumena) (in the philosophy of¨
   Kant) something that can be the object only of¨
   a purely intellectual, nonsensuous intuition;  cf.¨
   phenomenon.

noumenal adj.

< 1790-1800;  Greek nooÕmenon a thing being¨
   perceived, noun use of neut. of passive participle¨
   of noe^in to perceive
\nous
[naus] n. (in Greek philosophy) mind;  intellect.
\novel
adj. of a new kind or nature.
\nuance
n. subtle shade of meaning, feeling, colour etc.

< Latin nubes cloud
\nub
n. point or gist (of a matter or story).
\nudge
v.
o  prod gently with the elbow to attract attention.
o  push gradually.

n. prod;  gentle push.

< origin unknown
\nugatory
adj. futile, trifling.
\nul
--> null
\null
adj. invalid.
\number-plate
n. plate on a vehicle showing its registration¨
   number.
\numbles
['namb%lz] n. pl. certain of the internal parts of an¨
   animal, esp. of a deer, used as food.
\nuptial
adj.
o  relating to marriage;  conjugal (nuptial vows).
o  zoology of or relating to mating (the nuptial¨
   flight of a queen bee).

< Latin nuptiae marriage
\nurse
v. to suckle.
\nutmeg
n. the hard, aromatic seed of a tropical tree used as¨
   a spice when grated or ground.

pj. muÓkĮtovŁ oŅech.
\nutty
adj.
o  full of or tasting like nuts.
o  slang crazy.

nuttily adv.  nuttiness n.
\nymphomania
n. excessive sexual desire in a woman.

nymphomaniac n. and adj.

< nymph, -mania
\oaf
n. stupid person.
\obdurate
adj.
o  stubborn.
o  hardened.

obduracy n.

< Latin duro harden
\obeisance
[%u'beis%ns, %u'bi:s%ns] n.
o  bow, curtsy, or other respectful gesture.
o  homage.

obeisant adj.

< French, cf. "obey"
\obfuscate
v.
o  obscure or confuse (a mind, topic, etc.).
o  stupefy, bewilder.

obfuscation n.

< Latin fuscus dark
\object
['obdŚikt] n.

[%b'dŚekt] v.
\oblation
n. thing offered to a divine being.

< Latin, cf. offer
\obligate
v. to compel, constrain, or oblige morally or¨
   legally.
\obligatory
adj.
\oblique
[%'bli:k] adj.
o  slanting or sloping.
o  indirect or evasive.
o  geom. neither parallel nor perpendicular.

obliqueness n.  obliquity n.
\obliterate
v. blot out;  destroy.
\oblivion
n. state of having or being forgotten.

< Latin
\oblong
['oblo@] adj. rectangular with adjacent sides¨
   unequal.

n. oblong figure or object.

< Latin oblongus longish
\obloquy
n.
o  abusive or slanderous language.
o  ill repute;  disgrace.
\obnoxious
[%b'nokÓ%s] adj. offensive, objectionable.

< Latin noxa injury
\obscurantism
n. opposition to knowledge and Enlightenment.
\obsequies
['obsekwiz] n. pl. funeral rites.

< Latin obsequiae
\obsess
v.

< Latin obsideo obsess-
\obstinate
adj.
o  tenaciously unwilling to yield.
o  difficult to manage, control or subdue.

obstinacy or obstinateness n.

Synonyms:  stubborn, pigheaded, bullheaded,¨
   hardheaded, headstrong, willful
\obtrude
[%b'tru:d] v. be or become obtrusive.
\obtrusive
adj. unpleasantly noticeable.
\obtuse
adj. dull-witted.
\obverse
['obv%:s] n.
o  counterpart, opposite.
o  side of a coin or medal etc. bearing the head or¨
   principal design.
o  front, proper, or top side of a thing.

pj. lÉc mince.

obverse [ob'v%:s] adj.

< Latin obverto obvers- turn towards
\obviate
v. to get round or do away with.
\Occam's razor
n. the principle in philosophy and science that¨
   assumptions introduced to explain a thing must not¨
   be multiplied beyond necessity, and hence the¨
   simplest of several hypotheses is always the best¨
   in accounting for unexplained facts.  Also called¨
   the law of parsimony.

< 1900-05;  after William of Occam
\occlude
[o'klu:d] v.
o  stop up or close.
o  Chem. absorb and retain (gases).
o  (as occluded adj.) Meteorol. (of a frontal system)¨
   formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,¨
   raising warm air from ground level.

occlusion n.

< Latin occludo occlus- close up
\occult
[o'kalt] adj.
o  involving the supernatural;  mystical.
o  esoteric.

< Latin occulo occult- hide
\occur
v. (-rr-)
o  come into being as an event or process.
o  exist or be encountered in some place or¨
   conditions.
o  (foll. by to) come into the mind of.

< Latin occurro befall
\occurrence
n.
o  occurring.
o  incident or event.
\oculist
['okjulist] n. specialist in the treatment of the¨
   eyes.
\odious
adj. offensive;  hateful.
\odour
(US odor) n.
\oecumenical
[i:kju'me-] (also oecumenic) adj. var. of ecumenical.
\oeuvre
[%:vr] n.
o  all of an artist's works.
o  a writer's corpus.

< French, = work < Latin opera
\offing
n. more distant part of the sea in view.

in the offing not far away;  likely to appear or¨
   happen soon.

< probably < off
\offset
\OFM
abbr. Ordo Fratrum Minorum (the Franciscans).

< Latin "Order of Minor Friars"
\ogre
n. (fem. ogress)
o  man-eating giant in folklore.
o  terrifying person.

ogreish adj. (also ogrish).

< French
\oilcloth
n. fabric, esp. canvas, water-proofed with oil or¨
   another substance.
\oilskin
n. a cloth treated with oil so that it is waterproof.
\offence
(US offense)
\offer
v. (-r-)
o  present for acceptance, refusal, or consideration.
o  (foll. by to + infin.) express readiness or show¨
   intention.
o  provide;  give an opportunity for.
o  make available for sale.
o  present to the attention.
o  present (a sacrifice etc.).
o  present itself;  occur (as opportunity offers).
o  attempt (violence, resistance, etc.).

n.
o  expression of readiness to do or give if desired,¨
   or to buy or sell.
o  amount offered.
o  proposal (esp. of marriage).
o  bid.

on offer for sale at a certain (esp. reduced) price.

< Latin offero oblat-
\offhand
adj. and adv. without care, thought, or¨
   consideration;  sometimes, brusque or ungracious¨
   (an offhand remark).

pŅj. a p.
o  spatra, bez pŅÉpravy.
o  nenucenŁ, pohotovŁ.
\officiate
v. conduct a religious ceremony.
\officious
adj.
o  domineering.
o  diplomacy informal or unofficial.
\offprint
n. printed copy of an article etc. originally forming¨
   part of a larger publication.
\okapi
n. African giraffe-like mammal.
\omit
[o'mit] v. (-tt-)

< Latin omitto omiss-
\omniscient
adj. knowing everything.
\onerous
adj. burdensome.
\ongoing
['on,g%ui@] adj.
o  actually in progress (ongoing projects).
o  continually moving forward;  developing.
o  remaining in existence;  continuing.
\on-line
zĮj. ŚivÅ.
\on line
pŅj. ŚivŁ.
\onomatopoeia
[on%,m&t%'pi:%] n. formation of a word from a sound¨
   associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo,¨
   sizzle).

onomatopoeic adj.

< Greek onoma name, poieo make
\onslaught
n. a violent attack.
\ontic
adj. possessing the character of real rather than¨
   phenomenal existence.
\ontogenesis
--> ontogeny
\ontogeny
[on'todŚini] n. (also ontogenesis [onto'dŚenesis] n.)¨
   the development or the developmental history of an¨
   individual organism.  Cf. phylogeny.

ontogenetic [-'netik] adj.
ontogenic [onto'dŚenik] adj.
ontogenist [on'todŚenist] n.

< 1870-5
\ontology
n. branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of¨
   being.
\onus
n. burden, duty, responsibility.
\onyx
n. semiprecious variety of agate with coloured¨
   layers.
\ooze
v. trickle or leak slowly out.
\opal
['%up(%)l] n. semiprecious stone usu. of a milky or¨
   bluish colour and sometimes showing changing¨
   colours.

< Latin
\operationalism
n. (also operationism) philosophy the theory that¨
   scientific terms are defined by the experimental¨
   operations which determine their applicability.

operationalistic adj.
\ophthalmia
n. the inflammation of the eye.
\opiate
['%upi%t] adj.
o  containing opium.
o  narcotic, soporific.
\opium
n. drug made from the juice of a certain poppy, used¨
   esp. as an analgesic and narcotic.

< Latin < Greek opion
\opposite
adj.
\oppression
pj.
o  tlak.
o  potlaĆovĮnÉ, Õtisk (colonial oppression koloniĮlnɨ
   Õtisk).
o  sklÉĆenost.
\opprobrious
adj.
o  conveying or expressing opprobrium, as language or¨
   a speaker.
o  disgraceful or shameful.
o  (of language) very scornful;  abusive.¨

opprobriously adv.  opprobriousness n.

\opprobrium
n.
o  disgrace.
o  cause of this.

< Latin, = infamy, reproach
\opt
v. make a choice, decide.
\optative
adj. expressing a wish.
\optician
n.
o  maker, seller, or prescriber of spectacles and¨
   contact lenses etc.
o  person trained in the detection and correction of¨
   poor eyesight.

< medieval Latin, cf. optic
\opulent
adj. wealthy.
\oral
['o:r%l] adj.
\orangutan
n.
\orator
['or%t%r] n.
o  person making a formal speech.
o  eloquent public speaker.

< Latin, cf. oration
\oratory
n. a small private chapel.

pj. oratoŅ.
\ordain
v. confer holy orders on.
\ordinance
n. decree.
\ordinand
n. candidate for ordination.
\oregano
n. an herb seasoning made from the dried leaves of¨
   a species of marjoram.
\organic
adj. ÕstrojnŁ (organic chemistry ÕstrojnĮ chemie).
\organize
v. organise.
\orient
['o:ri%nt] n.

['o:ri%nt] v.
\original sin
n. innate human sinfulness held to be the result of¨
   the Fall.
\orison
n. prayer.
\ornate
[o:'neit] adj.
o  heavily or elaborately decorated.
o  (of style) overembellished;  flowery.

ornateness n.  ornately adv.

< Latin ornĮre to decorate
\ornery
adj.
o  of a mean disposition.
o  stubborn.
\orphan
n. printing single unwanted line at the bottom of the¨
   page.

orphan protection pj. tiskaŅstvÉ zĮkaz strĮnky.
\orthogonal
adj.
o  Math. (also orthographic) pertaining to or¨
   involving right angles or perpendiculars.
o  Crystall. referable to a rectangular set of axes.

< 1565-75;ž obs. orthogon(ium) right triangle
\orthographic projection
n. a two-dimensional graphic representation of an¨
   object in which the projecting lines are at right¨
   angles to the plane of the projection.  Also¨
   called orthogonal projection.ž Cf. "isometric".

< 1660-70
\orthography
n. spelling (esp. with reference to its correctness).
\orthopaedics
n. branch of medicine dealing with the correction of¨
   deformed bones or muscles.
\osier
n.
o  a willow with long, rodlike twigs used in¨
   basketry.
o  a twig of such a willow.
\ostensible
[o'stensib(%)l] adj. concealing the real;  professed.

ostensibly adv.

< Latin ostendo ostens- show
\ostensive
adj. directly showing.
\ostensive definition
n. phil. type of definition of an object or word¨
   consisting of pointing at an object and uttering¨
   its name.
\ostentation
[,osten'teiÓ(%)n] n.
o  pretentious display of wealth etc.
o  showing off.

ostentatious adj.  ostentatiously adv.
\ostler
n. hist. stableman at an inn.

< hostel
\ostracize
v. exclude from society.
\otiose
adj. serving no practical purpose;  not required.
\outcrop
n. emergence of a stratum etc. at a surface.
\outdistance
v. leave a competitor behind completely.
\outface
v. disconcert by staring or by a display of¨
   confidence.
\outing
n.
o  an excursion.
o  a walk outdoors.
\outlay
n.
o  the spending or disbursing of money.
o  an amount spent.
\outline
I.
A.
1.
a.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
b.
2.
B.
II.
etc.
\outlying
adj. far from a centre;  remote.
\outr×
['u:trei] adj. eccentric, unconventional.

< French, pp. of outrer, cf. "outrage"
\outset
n. beginning.
\outsider
pj.
o  neĆlen, nezasvÅcenec.
o  neznĮmŁ ĆlovÅk, cizinec.
o  kŹĪ nebo ĆlovÅk nemajÉcÉ nadÅji na vÉtÅzstvÉ v
zĮvodech.
\outwear
s.
o  pŅetrvat.
o  obnosit.
o  promrhat (Ćas).
\outworn
adj.
o  out-of-date, outmoded, or obsolete.
o  worn-out, as clothes.
o  exhausted in strength or endurance, as persons.

v. pp. of outwear.

< 1555-65
\ovation
n. enthusiastic and prolonged applause.
\overall
adj.
o  from one end to the other.
o  including or covering everything (the overall¨
   cost).
\overbearing
[,%uv%'be%ri@] adj.
o  domineering or dictatorial in manner or action.
o  of particular or overriding importance or¨
   significance.

overbearingly adv.
\overcast
pŅj. zataŚenŁ (o obloze).

pŅÉs. zataŚeno.
\overkill
n.
o  excess of capacity to kill or destroy.
o  excess.
\overqualified
[,%uv%'kwoli,faid] adj. having more managerial¨
   experience or academic qualifications than¨
   required for a particular job.
\overreach
v.
o  to reach or extend over or beyond.
o  to miss by reaching too far or attempting too¨
   much.
o  to defeat (oneself) by going too far.

overreacher n.
\oversight
n. failure to do or notice something.
\overt
adj. [%u'v%:t] done openly;  unconcealed.

adv. overtly

< French, past part. of ouvrir open
\overtone
n. suggestion, hint.
\overtop
v. rise above the top of.
\overture
n. orchestral piece opening an opera etc.

pj.
o  zahĮjenÉ jednĮnÉ, nabÉdka.
o  hud. pŅedehra.
\overview
pj. pŅehled, shrnutÉ.
\overween
v. (overweening)

< cf. ween
\overweening
adj. arrogant, presumptuous.
\oxymoron
n. figure of speech in which apparently contradictory¨
   terms appear in conjunction, e.g. "progressive¨
   conservative".
\pace
n. distance covered by a single step.
\pack rat
n.
o  a rat noted for carrying off shiny articles to its¨
   nest.
o  informal a person who collects, saves, or hoards¨
   useless small items.
\pad
v. walk with a soft, dull, steady step.
\paean
n. eulogy;  encomium.
\pagan
pj. pohan.

paganism pj. pohanstvÉ.
\pageant
n.
o  brilliant spectacle, esp. an elaborate parade.
o  spectacular procession or play illustrating¨
   historical events.
o  tableau etc. on a fixed stage or moving vehicle.
o  empty or specious show.

< origin unknown
\pail
n. bucket.
\painting
pj.
o  malba, obraz.
o  malÉŅstvÉ.
\paint thinner
pj. Ņedidlo.
\Pakistan
[,pa:ki'sta:n] n.
\palaeolithic
adj. of the early part of the Stone Age.
\palatable
adj. pleasant to taste.
\palatal
adj. of the palate.
\palate
n. structure closing the upper part of the mouth¨
   cavity in vertebrates.

< Latin palatum
\palaver
n. tedious fuss and bother.
\pale
pale1
adj.
o  (of a person, colour, or complexion) light or¨
   faint;  whitish, ashen.
o  of faint lustre;  dim.

v.
o  grow or make pale.
o  (often foll. by before, beside) seem feeble in¨
   comparison (with).

palely adv.  paleness n.  palish adj.

< Latin pallidus

pale2
n.
o  pointed piece of wood for fencing etc.;  stake.
o  boundary.
o  enclosure, e.g. a walled garden.

beyond the pale outside the bounds of acceptable¨
   behaviour.

< Latin palus
\palfrey
n. (pl. -s) archaic
o  a riding horse, as distinguished from a war horse.
o  a saddle horse particularly suitable for a woman.

< 1200-50;  Middle English palefrei < Old French <¨
   Late Latin paraver×dus post horse for byways,¨
   prob. lit., spare horse = Greek para- para- +¨
   Latin ver×dus fast breed of horse < Gaulish <¨
   Celtic woreidos > Welsh gorwydd horse, charger
\paling
n. fence of pales (wooden rods etc.).
\pall
pall1 [po:l] n.
o  cloth spread over a coffin etc.
o  shoulder-band with pendants, worn as an¨
   ecclesiastical vestment and sign of authority.
o  dark covering (pall of darkness).

< Latin pallium cloak

pall2 v.
o  to become insipid, boring, or wearisome.
o  to cloy;  satiate.
\pallet
pallet1 ['p&lit] n.
o  a straw-filled mattress or bed.
o  any hard or makeshift bed.

pj.
o  slamnÉk, slamÅn× loŚe.
o  podobn× tvrd× nebo doĆasn× loŚe.

pallet2 ['p&lit] n. a portable platform for storing¨
   or moving cargo or freight.
\palliate
['p&lieit] v.
o  alleviate (disease) without curing it.
o  excuse, extenuate.

palliative adj. [-%tiv]

< Latin pallio cloak
\pallid
adj. pale, esp. from illness.
\pally
adj. colloq. friendly.
\palmer
['pa:lm%r] n.
o  pilgrim, esp. of the Middle Ages, who had returned¨
   from the Holy Land bearing a palm branch as¨
   a token.
o  any religious pilgrim.
\palpable
adv. able to be touched or felt.
\palpitation
n. throbbing, trembling.
\palsy
['po:lzi] n. paralysis, esp. with involuntary¨
   tremors.

< French, cf. paralysis
\paltry
['po:ltri] adj. worthless, contemptible, trifling.
¨
paltriness n.

< palt rubbish
\pan-
comb. form
o  all;  the whole of.
o  relating to the whole of a continent, racial¨
   group, religion etc. (pan-American).

< Greek pan, neuter of pas pantos all
\pander
v. (foll. by to) gratify or indulge (a person or¨
   weakness etc.)

n.
o  procurer;  pimp.
o  person who encourages course desires.

< Pandare, name of a character in the story of¨
   Troilus and Cressida
\panic
v. (-ck-) (was panicked into buying).
\pannier
n. basket, bag, or box, esp. one of a pair carried by¨
   a donkey etc., bicycle, or motor cycle.

< Latin panis bread
\panoply
['p&n%pli] n.
o  complete or splendid array.
o  complete suit of armour.

< Greek hopla arms
\pant
v. breathe with short quick breaths.
\pantaloon
n.
o  (in pl.) a man's close-fitting garment for the¨
   hips and legs, worn esp. in the 19th century, but¨
   varying in form from period to period.
o  (in the modern pantomime) a foolish, vicious old¨
   man, the butt and accomplice of the clown.
o  (usu. cap.) also Pantalone (in commedia dell arte)¨
   a foolish old Venetian merchant, generally¨
   lascivious and frequently deceived in the course¨
   of love intrigues.

< 1580-90;  < Middle French Pantalon < Venetian¨
   Pantalone nickname for a Venetian, var. of¨
   Pantaleone, name of a 4th.-c. saint once¨
   a favourite of the Venetians
\pantheism
n. the belief that God is in all nature.
\pantheon
n. building in which illustrious dead are buried or¨
   have memorials.
\pap
n. archaic or dial. nipple.

< Scandinavian
\papal
adj. of a pope or the papacy (Papal See).

< medieval Latin, cf. pope
\paper-clip
pj. sponka (kancelĮŅskĮ).
\papier mach×
[p&piei 'm&Óei] n. paper pulp moulded into boxes,¨
   trays, etc.

< French, = chewed paper
\par
n. average, normal or equal amount.
\para
['p&r%] n. colloq.
o  paratrooper.
o  paragraph.

< abbreviation
\para-
para-1 prefix (also par-)
o  beside (paramilitary).
o  beyond (paranormal).

< Greek

para-2 comb. form protect, ward off (parachute;¨
   parasol).

< Latin paro defend
\parable
n.
o  story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual¨
   lesson.
o  allegory.

< Greek parabol× comparison
\parade
[p%'reid] n. public procession.
\paradigm
n. example or pattern, esp. a set of noun or verb¨
   inflections.

paradigmatic adj.

< Latin < Greek
\paradox
n. a seemingly absurd or contradictory though often¨
   true statement.
\paragon
['p&r%g%n] n. (often foll. by of) model of excellence¨
   etc.

< Greek parakon×
\paralanguage
n. linguistics nonverbal elements in speech that may¨
   affect the meaning of an utterance, e.g.¨
   intonation, loudness, tempo.
\parallax
['p&r%l&ks] n.
o  apparent difference in the position or direction¨
   of an object caused when the observer's position¨
   is changed.
o  angular amount of this.

< Greek, = change
\parallel
v. (-l-)

pŅj. rovnobÅŚnŁ, soubÅŚnŁ.
\parallelogram
pj. rovnobÅŚnÉk.
\paralogism
n. a violation of the principles of valid reasoning¨
   in logic.

paralogistic adj.
\paranoia
n.
o  mental disorder with delusions of persecution and¨
   self-importance.
o  abnormal suspicion and mistrust.

paranoic or paranoiac adj.

paranoid adj. and n.

< Greek, cf. "nous"
\paraphernalia
n. the articles used in an activity;  equipment.
\paraphilia
n. preference for unusual acts to achieve sexual¨
   arousal.
\parasitic
adj. acting like a parasite.
\parasol
n. light umbrella giving shade from the sun.
\parch
v. make or become hot and dry.
\pare
v.
o  trim or shave by cutting away the surface or edge.
o  (often foll. by off, away) cut off (the surface or¨
   edge).
o  (often foll. by away, down) diminish little by¨
   little.

< Latin paro prepare
\par excellence
adv. being the supreme example of its kind.
\pariah
n.
o  social outcast.
o  hist. member of a low caste or of no caste in S.¨
   India.

< Tamil
\pari passu
adv. or adj. at an equal rate or pace (all creditors¨
   will receive assets pari passu).

< Latin "with equal step" (1567)
\Paris
[Fr. p%'ri:] pj. PaŅÉŚ.
\Parisian
pŅj. paŅÉŚskŁ.

pj. PaŅÉŚan.
\parking lot
pj. stojĮnka pro automobily;  parkoviÓtÅ (taxi¨
   parking lot stojĮnka taxi).
\parlance
n. vocabulary or idiom of a particular subject,¨
   group, etc.
\parle
n. archaic parley.

< 1350-1400;  Middle English < Middle French parler¨
   to speak < Late Latin parabolĮre parable
\parley
['pa:li] n. (pl. -s) conference of disputants, esp.¨
   to discuss peace terms etc.

v. (-leys, -leyd) (often foll. by with) hold¨
   a parley.

< French parler, cf. "parlance"
\parlous
adj. dangerous or difficult.
\parochial
adj.
o  narrow in outlook or scope;  provincial.
o  relating to a parish.
\parody
n.

v.
o  compose a parody of.
o  mimic humorously.
\parole
n. temporary or permanent release of a prisoner.

< French parole
\paronymous
adj. containing the same root or stem.
\paroxysm
['p&r%ksiz(%)m] n.
o  (often foll. by of) sudden attack or outburst (of¨
   rage, coughing etc.).
o  fit of disease.

paroxysmal [-'sizm(%)l] adj.

< Greek oxus sharp
\parricide
n.
o  murder of a parent or other near relative.
o  person who commits parricide.

parricidal adj.

< Latin parent, pater, -cide
\parry
['p&ri] v.
o  avert or ward off (a weapon or attack), esp. with¨
   a countermove.
o  deal skillfully with (an awkward question etc.).

n. act of parrying.

< Italian parare ward off
\parse
[pa:z] v. describe a word grammatically, esp. how it¨
   relates to a sentence.
\parsimony
['pa:sim%ni] n. carefulness in the use of money etc.;¨
   stinginess.

parsimonious adj.

< Latin parco pars- spare
\parson
n. clergyman.
\parsonage
n. church house provided for a parson.
\partake
[pa:'teik] v.
o  (foll. by of, in) take a share or part.
o  (foll. by of) eat or drink some or colloq. all (of¨
   a thing).

< back-formation < partaker = part-taker
\partisan
n. strong, esp. unreasoning, supporter of a party,¨
   cause, etc.
\parts of speech
pj. mluvnice slovnÉ druhy;  skupiny slov s podobnŁmi¨
   mluvnickŁmi vlastnostmi.  SlovnÉ druhy Ćesk×ho¨
   jazyka zahrnujÉ podstatnĮ jm×na, pŅÉdavnĮ jm×na,¨
   zĮjmena, ĆÉslovky, slovesa, pŅÉslovce, pŅedloŚky,¨
   spojky a citoslovce.  Jin× jazyky mohou obsahovat¨
   odliÓn× slovnÉ druhy, napŅ. Ćleny.

n. Grammar. a class of words sharing important¨
   syntactic or semantic features;  a group of words¨
   in a language that may occur in similar positions¨
   or fulfil similar functions in a sentence. English¨
   parts of speech include:
1.  noun (or substantive), e.g. man, beauty, singing
2.  adjective, e.g. long, difficult, English
3.  pronoun, e.g. I, his, this, any
4.  determiner, e.g. a, an, the
5.  numeral, e.g. one, two, third
6.  verb, e.g. to be, to work, can
7.  adverb, e.g. here, cleverly, on
8.  preposition, e.g. with, at, beyond
9.  conjunction, e.g. and, when, since
10. interjection, e.g. oh, well, bang

How to remember English parts of speech:

A noun is the name of any thing;
As school or garden, hoop or swing.
Verbs tell us of something being done;
To read, count, sing, laugh or run.
Etc.
\parvenu
n. someone who has become suddenly wealthy or¨
   powerful without the background or culture¨
   appropriate for his new status.
\pass
v.

pass over v.
o  omit, ignore or disregard.
o  euphem. die.

pass water euphem. urinate.
\pass×
adv. old-fashioned.
\passim
throughout;  at several points in a book, article¨
   etc.
\passive
pŅj. trpnŁ.

['p&siv] adj.
o  acted upon, not acting.
o  showing no interest or initiative;  submissive.
o  chem. not active;  inert.
o  gram. indicating that the subject undergoes the¨
   action of the verb (e.g. in they were seen).

passively adv.  passivity n.

< Latin, cf. "passion"
\Passover
n. Jewish spring festival commemorating the Exodus¨
   from Egypt.

< pass, over
\pastel
['p&st(%)l] n. light shade of a colour.
\pat
pat1 v. (-tt-)
o  strike gently with a flat palm, esp. in affection,¨
   sympathy, etc.
o  flatten or mould by patting.

n.
o  light stroke or tap, esp. with the hand in¨
   affection etc.
o  sound made by this.
o  small mass (esp. of butter) formed by patting.

pat on the back congratulatory gesture.

< probably imitative

pat2 adj.
o  prepared or known thoroughly.
o  apposite or opportune, esp. glibly so (a pat¨
   answer).

adv.
o  in a pat manner.
o  appositely.

have off pat know or have memorised perfectly.

< pat1
\Pat
woman's name Patricia.
\patagon
n. Spanish half-crown.
\Patagonia
n. a region in the southern part of South America¨
   between the Andes and the South Atlantic.
\pate
[peit]
n. archaic or colloq. head.

< origin unknown
\patent
['p&t%nt] (sometimes ['peit%nt]) n. a government¨
   grant to an inventor assuring him the sole right¨
   to make, use, and sell his invention for a limited¨
   period.

['peit%nt] adj. obvious.
\paternalism
n. policy of governing or behaving in a paternal way.

paternalistic [-'listik] adj.
\pathetic
--> pathos
\pathos
n. the evocation of pity, tenderness or sorrow in¨
   speech, writing etc.

pathetic adj.
\patience
n. Brit. solitaire.
\patrician
[p%'triÓ(%)n] n. hist. member of the nobility in¨
   ancient Rome.

adj.
o  aristocratic.
o  hist. of the ancient Roman nobility.

< Latin patricius, cf. pater
\patrimony
n. property inherited from one's father or ancestor.
\patter
n. sound of quick light steps or taps.
\patty
n. little pie or pastry.
\pauncer
n. armour protecting the abdomen.  Tolkien.
\paunch
[po:nĆ] n. belly, stomach, esp. when protruding.
¨
paunchy adj.

< Anglo-French pa(u)nche < Latin pantices bowels
\pawn
pawn1 n.
o  chess piece of the smallest size and value.
o  person used by others for their own purposes.
¨
< French poun < Latin pedo -onis foot-soldier

pawn2 v.
o  deposit (a thing) with a pawnbroker as security¨
   for money lent.
o  pledge or wager (one's life, honour, etc.).

n. object left in pawn.

in pawn held as security.

< French pan < Germanic
\pawnbroker
n.
\pay
v. (pay-paid-paid)
\pay-off
n. slang
o  payment.
o  climax.
o  final reckoning.
\PC
abbr. personal computer.

angl. zkr. osobnÉ poĆÉtaĆ.
\PCMCIA
n. computing Personal Computer Memory Card¨
   International Association.
\PE
abbr. physical education.
\peal
n.
o  loud ringing of a bell or bells, esp. a series of¨
   changes.
o  set of bells.
o  loud repeated sound, esp. of thunder, laughter,¨
   etc.

v.
o  (cause to) sound in a peal.
o  utter sonorously.

< appeal
\peck
peck1 v.
o  strike or bite with a beak.
o  kiss hastily or perfunctorily.
o  make (a hole) by pecking.
o  (foll. by out, off) remove or pluck out by¨
   pecking.
o  (also absol.) colloq. eat listlessly;  nibble at.

n.
o  stroke, mark, or bite made by a beak.
o  hasty or perfunctory kiss.

peck at
o  eat (food) listlessly;  nibble.
o  carp at;  nag.
o  strike repeatedly with a beak.

< probably Low German
peck2
n.
o  measure of capacity for dry goods, equal to 2¨
   gallons or 8 quarts.
o  a peck of large number or amount of.
¨
< Anglo-French
\pectin
['pektin] n. soluble gelatinous carbohydrate found in¨
   ripe fruits etc. and used as a setting agent in¨
   jams and jellies.

pectic adj.

< Greek p gnumi make solid
\peculiar
adj. belonging exclusively to something (peculiar to¨
   the time).
\pedagogue
n. archaic or derog. schoolmaster;  teacher.

pedagogic adj.
\pedagogy
['pedagogi] n. the science of teaching.
\pedestal
n. a base supporting a column or pillar.
\pee
v. colloq. urinate.
\peek-a-boo
['pi:k%bu:] n. a game in which one amuses a baby by¨
   suddenly revealing one's face from hiding, as from¨
   behind one's hands, and calling "Peekaboo!"

adj.
o  (of clothing) decorated with openwork.
o  made of a sheer and revealing material, as some¨
   blouses for women.
\peep
peep1
v.
o  (usu. foll. by at, in, out, into) look through¨
   a narrow opening;  look furtively.
o  (usu. foll. by out) come slowly into view; emerge.

n.
o  furtive or peering glance.
o  first appearance (peep of day).

< origin unknown

peep2
v. make a shrill feeble sound as of young birds,¨
   mice, etc.

n.
o  such a sound.
o  slight sound, utterance, or complaint (not a peep¨
   out of them).

< imitative
\peer
peer1
v. (usu. foll. by into, at, etc.) look closely or¨
   with difficulty.

< origin unknown
peer2
n.
o  (fem. peeress) member of one of the degrees of the¨
   nobility in Britain or Ireland, i.e. a duke,¨
   marquis, earl, viscount, or baron.
o  noble of any country.
o  person who is equal in ability, standing, rank, or¨
   value.

< Latin par equal
\peevish
adj. irritable.

peevishly adv.

< origin unknown
\pejorative
[pi'dŚor%tiv or 'pi:dŚ%r-] adj.
o  (of words, expressions, etc.) having an unpleasant¨
   or disparaging connotation.
o  tending to make or become worse;  disparaging or¨
   downgrading.
\Peking
['pi:ki@] n. Beijing.
\pell-mell
adv. headlong, recklessly.
\pelt
n. undressed skin, usu. of a fur-bearing mammal.
\pemmican
n.
\penance
n.
o  act of self-punishment as reparation for guilt.
o  (in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church)¨
   sacrament including confession of and absolution¨
   for sins.
o  penalty imposed, esp. by a priest, for a sin.
¨
do penance perform a penance.

pj. pokĮnÉ.

do penance kĮt se.

< penitent
\penchant
['pa:Óa:] n. (followed by for) inclination or liking.

< French
\pendant
['pend%nt] n. hanging jewel etc., esp. one attached¨
   to a necklace, bracelet, etc.

< French pendre hang
\pending
adj. awaiting decision or settlement;  undecided.
\penitent
n. repentant sinner.
\pennant
n. tapering flag.
\pen-pal
n. colloq. pen-friend.
\pens×e
[pa:n sei] n. French (pl. pens×es [pa:n sei])¨
   a reflection or thought.
\pensive
['pensiv] adj. deep in thought.

< French penser think
\pentad
n.
o  a period of five years.
o  a group of five.
o  the number five.
o  a pentavalent element or group.

pentadic adj.

< 1645-55;  Greek pentad- (s. of pentĮs) group of¨
   five, cf. "pent-", "-ad"
\Pentateuch
n. first five books of the Old Testament.

< Greek teukhos book
\penthouse
n.
o  (esp. luxurious) flat on the roof or top floor of¨
   a tall building.
o  projecting roof offering shelter from the weather.

< Latin, cf. "append"
\penultimate
adj. next to last.
\penumbra
n. partial shadow.
\penury
n.
o  destitution;  poverty.
o  lack;  scarcity.

< Latin
\peppercorn
n.
o  dried pepper berry.
o  (in full peppercorn rent) nominal rent.
\peradventure
adv. perhaps.
\per cent
(US percent) adv. in every hundred.

n.
o  percentage.
o  one part in every hundred (half a per cent).
\percept
n.
o  the mental result or product of perceiving;  an¨
   impression or sensation of something perceived.
o  a thing perceived;  the object of perception.

< 1830-40;  < Latin perceptum something perceived, n.¨
   use of neut. of perceptus, ptp. of percipere to¨
   perceive
\perceptive
[p%'septiv] adj.
o  sensitive;  discerning.
o  capable of perceiving.

perceptively adv.  perceptiveness n.  perceptivity n.
\perchance
adv. perhaps.
\percipient
[p%'sipi%nt] adj. able to perceive;  conscious.

n. one that perceives
\percolate
['p%k%,leit] v.
o  (often foll. by through) (of liquid etc.) filter¨
   or ooze gradually.
o  (of an idea etc.) permeate gradually.
o  prepare (coffee) in a percolator.
o  strain (a liquid, powder, etc.) through a fine¨
   mesh etc.

percolation n.

< Latin colum strainer
\percolator
n. machine making coffee by circulating boiling water¨
   through ground beans.
\perdition
n. eternal death;  damnation.
\peremptory
adj.
o  (of a statement or command) admitting no denial or¨
   refusal.
o  (of a person, manner, etc.) imperious;¨
   dictatorial.

peremptorily adv.  peremptoriness n.

< Latin peremptorius deadly, decisive
\perfidy
n. breach of faith.
\perforce
[p%'fo:s] adv. archaic necessarily, unavoidably.

< French par force by force
\perfunctory
adj. done merely out of duty;  superficial, careless.

perfunctorily adv.  perfunctoriness n.

< Latin, cf. function
\perimeter
n.
o  circumference or outline of a closed figure.
o  length of this.
o  outer boundary of an enclosed area.

< Greek -meter
\periphrasis
n. circumlocution.
\peritonitis
n. the infammation of peritonium.
\periwinkle
pj. zimostrĮz.
\perjury
n. law act of wilfully telling a lie when on oath.
\perk
perk1 v. to raise, as the head, smartly and quickly.

perk up
o  to regain or cause to regain one's good spirits or¨
   liveliness.
o  to add to the appearance of;ž spruce up.

perkiness n.  perky adj.

perk2
n. informal (often in pl.) perquisite.
\permeate
['p%mi,eit] v.
o  to penetrate or pervade (a substance, area, etc.)¨
   (a lovely smell permeated the room).
o  to pass through or cause to pass through by¨
   osmosis or diffusion (to permeate a membrane).

permeation n.  permeative adj.

< Latin permeĮre < per- through + meare to pass
\permit
v.

< Latin permitto -miss- allow
\pernicious
adj. destructive;  deadly.
\peroration
n. concluding part of a speech.

< Latin oro speak
\perquisite
n.
o  payment or profit received in addition to¨
   a regular wage or salary.
o  tip;  gratuity.
o  something claimed as an exclusive right.
\per se
by itself.

< Latin
\persevere
v. to continue steadfastly or determinedly.
\person
n.

Usage:  Person, unlike human being, implies¨
   rationality.  Babies and old people are human¨
   beings, but they need not be persons.
\persona
n. aspect of a personality as shown to or perceived¨
   by others.
\personage
n. person esp. of rank or importance.
\persona grata
n. a person acceptable to certain others.
\personalism
n. (also called personal idealism) doctrine locating
ultimate value and reality in persons or the
personality.

personalist n.  personalistic adj.

< 1840-50
\perspicacious
[,p%:spi'keiÓ%s] adj. having mental discernment.

perspicacity n.

Usage:  Perspicacious is sometimes confused with¨
   perspicuous.
\perspicuous
[p%'spikju%s] adj.
o  easily understood;  clearly expressed.
o  expressing things clearly.

perspicuity [-'kju:iti] n.

Usage:  Perspicuous is sometimes confused with¨
   perspicacious.

< Latin, cf. "perspective"
\pert
adj.
o  saucy, impudent.
o  jaunty.

pertly adv.  pertness n.

< Latin apertus open
\pertain
v. relate or have reference to.

< Latin pertineo belong to
\perturb
v. to disturb greatly.
\peruse
v.
o  read or study carefully.
o  joc. read or look at desultorily.

perusal n.

< originally = use up
\pervade
v.
o  spread throughout, permeate.
o  be rife among or through.

pervasion n.  pervasive adj.

< Latin pervado penetrate
\pest
n. destructive animal, esp. one which attacks food¨
   sources.
\pester
v. trouble or annoy.
\pestilence
n. a fatal epidemic disease, esp. bubonic plague.

< Latin pestis plague
\pestle
['pes(%)l] n. club-shaped instrument for pounding¨
   substances in a mortar.

pj. paliĆka, tlouĆek (moŚdÉŅe).

sp. tlouci v moŚdÉŅi.

< Latin
\peter
['pi:t%(r)] v.

peter out diminish, come to an end.

< origin unknown
\petrifaction
pj.
o  zkamenÅlina.
o  zkamenÅnÉ.
\petticoat
n. woman's or girl's undergarment hanging from the¨
   shoulders.

pj. kombin×.
\pettifog
v.
o  to engage in legal trickery.
o  to quibble over insignificant details.
\petulant
adj. peevishly impatient or irritable.

petulance or petulancy n.  petulantly adv.
\pew
n. a bench for the congregation in a church.
\phalanx
n. line of battle.
\phallic
adj. of phallus.
\phantasm
['f&n,t&z(%)m] n. illusion, phantom.

phantasmal [-'t&zm(%)l] adj.

< Latin, cf. "phantom"
\phantasmagoria
[,f&nt&zm%'go:ri%] n. shifting series of real or¨
   imaginary figures as seen in a dream.

phantasmagoric [-'gorik] adj.

probably < French fantasmagorie, cf. "phantasm"
\phantom
['f&nt%m] n.
o  ghost, apparition, spectre.
o  mental illusion.
\Pharisee
['f&ri,si:] n. member of an ancient Jewish sect,¨
   distinguished by strict observance of the¨
   traditional and written law.
\pharmacopoeia
[,fa:m%k%'pi:%] n.
o  book, esp. one officially published, containing¨
   a list of drugs with directions for use.
o  stock of drugs.

< Greek pharmakopoios drug-maker
\phatic
n. denoting speech used to express or create an¨
   atmosphere of shared feelings, goodwill, or¨
   sociability rather than to impart information.
\Ph.D.
abbr. Doctor of Philosophy.

< Latin philosophiae doctor
\phenomenalism
[fi'nomenalism]
\philanthropy
[fi'l&n0r%pi] n.
o  love of mankind.
o  practical benevolence.
\philistine
n. person who is hostile or indifferent to culture.
\phlegm
[flem] n. calmness.
\phlegmatic
[fleg'm&tik] adj. calm, unexcitable.
\phlogiston
n. non-existent chemical that, prior to the discovery¨
   of oxygen, was thought to be released during¨
   combustion.ž Oxygen was believed to be¨
   "dephlogisticated air".
\phoronomy
n. a Kantian theory of motion deducible from a priori¨
   conceptions.

< New Latin phoronomia kinematics
\phrase
n.
\phrasemonger
n. someone who uses a ridiculous amount of phrases in¨
   his speech.
\phrenology
[fri'nolodŚi] n. hist. the study of the shape and¨
   size of the cranium as a supposed indication of¨
   character and mental faculties.
\phylactery
[fi'l&kteri] n. small leather box containing Hebrew¨
   texts, worn by Jewish men at prayer.
\phylogeny
n. the evolutionary development of an organism.

phylogenetic or phylogenic adj.
phylogenetically adv.
\physic
n. archaic medicine.
\physiognomy
n. a cast or form of a person s features, expressions¨
   etc.
\piano
[pi'&n%u] n. keyboard instrument with metal strings¨
   struck by hammers.

< Italian
\Pianola
--> pianola
\pianola
[pi%'n%ul%] n. propr. a kind of automatic piano.

< diminutive
\piastre
n. the former peso of Spain.
\piazza
n. public square or market-place.
\Piccadilly Circus
n. a traffic circle and open square in W London,¨
   England:  theatre and amusement centre.
\pidgin
n. a simplified mixture of two or more languages,¨
   used for communication between groups speaking¨
   different languages.
\piebald
adj. spotted or patched (a piebald horse).
\piecemeal
adj. piece by piece, gradual.
\piedfort
n. coin of special mintage weighing (usually) the¨
   double of a circulating coin.

< "of heavy measure"
\piety
n.
o  devotion and reverence, esp. to God and family.
o  a pious act or thought.
\pigeonhole
--> pigeon-hole
\pigeon-hole
n. each of a set of compartments on a wall etc. for¨
   papers, letters, etc.

v.
o  assign to a preconceived category.
o  deposit in a pigeon-hole.
o  put aside for future consideration.
\pigswill
pj. pomeje.
\piker
['paik%r] n. a person who does everything in a petty¨
   or contemptible way.
\pile
n. a heavy beam driven vertically into the ground to¨
   support a bridge, the foundations of a house etc.
\pile driver
n. machine for driving piles into the ground.
\pilfer
['pilf%] v. (also absol.) steal (objects), esp. in¨
   small quantities.

< French pelfre
\pillage
v. plunder, sack.
\pillory
n. wooden framework with holes for the head and¨
   limbs, which can make the body immovable and thus¨
   suitable for public ridicule.
\pimento
n. (also pimiento pl. -s) a mild-flavoured red¨
   pepper.
\pimp
[pimp] pj. kuplÉŅ (Ś. kuplÉŅka), lid. pasĮk.

sn. zabŁvat se kuplÉŅstvÉm.
\pince-nez
[p&ns'nei] n. (pl. same) a pair of eyeglasses with¨
   a nose-clip.

< French, = pinch-nose
\pincer movement
n. movement by two wings of an army to converge¨
   arround the enemy.
\pincers
n. gripping tool resembling scissors but with blunt¨
   ends.
\pine
v. decline or waste away from grief etc.
\pineal
['pini%l] adj. shaped like a pine cone.

pineal body (also pineal gland) conical gland in the¨
   brain, secreting a hormone-like substance.

< Latin pinea, cf. "pine"
\pinnacle
['pin%k%l] n.
o  the highest point or level, esp. of fame, success,¨
   etc.
o  a towering peak, as of a mountain.
o  a slender upright structure in the form of a cone,¨
   pyramid, or spire on the top of a buttress, gable,¨
   or tower.

v.
o  to set on or as if on a pinnacle.
o  to furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles.
o  to crown with a pinnacle.

< Old French < Late Latin pinnĮculum a peak < Latin¨
   pinna wing
\pinny
n. pinafore.
\pinpoint
n. point of a pin.

v. locate with precision.
\pinstripe
n.
o  (often attrib.) narrow stripe in cloth (pinstripe¨
   suit).
o  (in sing. or pl.) pinstripe suit (came wearing his¨
   pinstripes).

pinstriped adj.
\pip
n. a seed of an apple, pear, orange, grape or other¨
   fleshy fruit.

< 1590-1600;  abbreviation of pippin
\piquant
['pi:k%:nt] adj.
o  agreeably pungent, sharp, or appetizing.
o  pleasantly stimulating to the mind.

< French piquer prick
\pique
[pi:k] v.
o  wound the pride of, irritate.
o  arouse (curiosity, interest, etc.).

n. resentment;  hurt pride.

< French, cf. piquant
\piqu×
[pi'kei] n. fabric of cotton, spun rayon, or silk,¨
   woven with lengthwise cords or with an overall¨
   design, as bird's-eye.
\pirate
n. a seafaring robber attacking ships.
¨
< Latin pirata < Greek
\pistol
['pist(o)l] n. small handgun.

< Czech pÉÓŌal
\pistole
n. former gold coin of Spain.
\pitch
pitch1
n. any of various thick, dark, sticky substances¨
   obtained from the distillation residue of coal¨
   tar, wood tar, or petroleum, used for¨
   waterproofing, roofing, caulking, and paving.

pitch2
n. the lowness or highness of a sound.
\pitchfork
n. long-handled two-pronged fork for pitching hay¨
   etc.
\pith
n.
o  spongy tissue in the stems of plants.
o  the essential part of a thing.
\pithy
adj.
o  (of style, speech, etc.) terse and forcible.
o  of or like pith.

pithily adv.  pithiness n.
\pituitary
n. small ductless gland at the base of the brain.
\placard
['pl&ka:d] n. large notice for public display.

v. set up placards on (a wall etc.).

< French < Dutch placken to glue
\placate
v. to allay the anger of;  appease.

placability n.  placable adj.  placably adv.
placator n.  placation n.  placatory adj.
placative adj.
\placket
['pl&kit] n.
o  opening or slit in a garment, for fastenings or¨
   access to a pocket.
o  flap of fabric under this.

< var. of "placard"
\plagiarism
pj. plagiĮtorstvÉ.
\plaint
n.
o  Law accusation;  charge.
o  literary complaint, lamentation.

< French plainte < Latin plango lament
\plaintiff
n. accuser.

pj. Śalobce.
\plaintive
adj. expressing sorrow.
\plan
s. zamŁÓlet, pŅipravit pŅedem, chystat, plĮnovat.

pj. zĮmysl, plĮn.
\plane
[plein] (plane-tree) pj. platan.
\plash
plash1 [pl&Ó] n.
o  a gentle splash.
o  a pool or puddle.

v. to splash gently.

plashingly adv.

< bef. 1000;  Middle English plasch pool, puddle

plash2
[pl&Ó] vt. pleach.

plasher n.

< 1375-1425;  late Middle English < Middle French¨
   plaissier, der. of plais hedge < Vulgar Latin¨
   plaxum, of uncert. orig.
\plat
v. plait, braid.
\platitude
n. commonplace remark, esp. one solemnly delivered.

platitudinous adj.

< French, cf. "plate"
\platypus
n. (pl. platypuses) Australian aquatic egg-laying¨
   mammal, with a ducklike bill and a flat tail.

< Greek, = flat foot
\playbill
n. poster advertising a play.
\playboy
n. wealthy pleasure-seeking man.
\PLC
abbr. Brit. public limited company.
\plead
v. make an earnest appeal to.
\please
[pli:z] v.

< French plaisir < Latin placeo
\pleat
n. fold of definite width.
\plebeian
n.
o  a commoner.
o  a rude person.

adj.
o  of the common people of ancient Rome.
o  common;  vulgar.
o  of or associated with great masses of people.
\plenitude
n. fullness, completeness.
\plenum
n. a full assembly of people or a committee etc.
\pleonasm
['pli:%,n&z(%)m] n. use of more words than are needed¨
   (e.g. see with one's eyes).

pleonastic [-'n&stik] adj.

< Greek pleon more
\pliable
adj. easily bent or shaped.
\plight
plight1 [plait] n. condition of difficulty or¨
   adversity.

< Anglo-French plit plait

plight2 [plait] v. archaic
o  pledge.
o  (foll. by to) engage (oneself) in marriage.

plight one's troth troth.

< Old English
\plod
v. work slowly and steadily.
\plop
n. sound as of a smooth object dropping into the¨
   water without a splash.

< imitative
\plosion
n. the release of the occlusive phase of a stop¨
   consonant, with the forced outward release of¨
   compressed air;  cf. implosion.

< 1915-20;  shortening of explosion
\plosive
adj. pronounced with a sudden release of breath.

< 1895-1900;  shortening of explosive
\plough
n. [plau] (also plow).
\ploughshare
n. (US plowshare) cutting blade of a plough.
\plover
pj. kulÉk.
\plow
--> plough
\ploy
n. cunning manoeuvre to gain advantage.

< origin unknown
\pluck
v. pick or pull out or away.
\plug
pj.
o  zĮtka.
o  zĮstrĆka, banĮnek.
\plumb
n. a weight suspended from the end of a line used to¨
   determine water depth.
\plume
n. feather, esp. a large one used for ornament.
\plump
adj. full or rounded in shape;  fleshy.

v. decide on, choose.
\plunger
n.
\pluralism
n.

pluralist n. and adj.
pluralistic adj.
\plush
pj. plyÓ.
\ply
v.
o  to use diligently, as a tool or weapon.
o  to engage in, as a trade.
o  to traverse or sail over regularly.
o  to continue supplying (plying guests with food).
\pock
pj. neÓtovice.
\pockmark
n. pit or scar caused by smallpox or acne.
\poesy
n. archaic poetry.

< French, cf. "poem"
\poignant
adj. painfully sharp to the emotions or senses.
\point size
n. computing unit of measure commonly used to¨
   indicate font sizes.  One point equals 1/72 in.
\poise
[poiz] n.
o  composure, self-possession.
o  equilibrium.
o  carriage (of the head etc.).

v.
o  balance;  hold suspended or supported.
o  be balanced or suspended.

< Latin pendo pens- weigh
\poison pill
n. finance a tactic used by a company fearing an¨
   unwelcome takeover bid, in which the value of the¨
   company is reduced, for example by increasing¨
   indebtedness or by the sale of an issue of shares¨
   having an option unfavourable to the potential¨
   successful bidders.

< 1983
\poitrel
n. breast-armour of a horse.

< Tolkien
\poker
n. metal rod for stirring a fire.
\polemic
n. forceful verbal or written controversy or¨
   argument.
\polenta
n. cream of corn meal, used to serve with various¨
   dishes instead of mashed potatoes or pasta.
\police
n.

policeman n. pol. cor. public safety official.

< late Latin politia citizenship, government
\politesse
[poli'tes] n. formal politeness;  courtesy.
\politics
pj.
o  zemÅsprĮva, stĮtovÅda, politika.
o  politick× pŅesvÅdĆenÉ.
o  praktickĮ dennÉ politika.

to talk politics promlouvat zemÅsprĮvnÉ otĮzky.

< Greek polis city
\polity
n. an organised society, as a nation, having¨
   a specific form of government.
\polka
n.
o  lively dance of Bohemian origin.
o  music for this.

< Czech pŹlka
\pollster
n. person who organises an opinion poll.
\poll tax
n.
o  informal = community charge.
o  hist. tax levied on every adult.
\polonaise
[,pol%'neiz] n.
o  slow dance of Polish origin.
o  music for this.

< French, cf. "Pole"
\polyandry
n. polygamy in which a woman has more than one¨
   husband.

polyandrous adj.

pj. mnohomuŚstvÉ.

< Greek poly many, andr- male
\polygamy
n. practice of having more than one wife or (less¨
   usu.) husband at once.

pj. mnohoŚenstvÉ Ći (m×nÅ Ćasto) mnohomuŚstvÉ.

polygamist n.  polygamous adj.

< Greek gamos marriage
\polyglot
adj. knowing, using, or written in several languages.

n. polyglot person.

< Greek glĻtta tongue
\polysemy
n. diversity of meanings.

polysemous adj.
\pomade
[p%'ma:d] n. scented ointment for the hair and head.

< Italian, cf. pomace
\pomatum
n. pomade.
\pomegranate
n. granĮtov× jablko.
\pommel
n.
o  knob, esp. at the end of a sword-hilt.
o  upward projecting front of a saddle.

v. (-ll-;  US -l-) = pummel.

< Latin pomum apple
\pomology
n. the science that deals with fruits and fruit¨
   growing.
\pomp
n.
o  splendid display;  splendour.
o  specious glory.

< Latin < Greek pompe
\Pompey
['pompi] n. (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) ("the Great")¨
   106-48 B.C., Roman general and statesman.
\ponderous
adj.
o  slow and awkward.
o  dull.
\poniard
n. dagger.

< French poignard < Latin pugnus fist
\pontiff
n. Pope.
\pontifical
adj.
o  papal.
o  pompously dogmatic.

pontifically adv.
\pontificate
v. be pompously dogmatic.
\poop
n. stern of a ship;  the deck which is furthest aft¨
   and highest.

< Latin puppis
\porcupine
pj. dikobraz.
\pork
n. meat from pig.

< Latin porcus pig
\pornography
n. written or pictorial matter intended to arouse¨
   sexual feelings.
\porpoise
n. a marine mammal related to the whales but smaller,¨
   usu. having a blunt snout and a triangular dorsal¨
   fin.
\portend
[po%'tend] v.
o  foreshadow as an omen.
o  give warning of.

< Latin portendo, cf. pro-, tend
\portentous
adj.
o  like or being a portent.
o  pompously solemn.
\portfolio
drŚava.
\portico
['po:tik%u] n. (pl. -es or -s) colonnade;  roof¨
   supported by columns at regular intervals, usu.¨
   attached as a porch to a building.

< Latin porticus porch
\portiere
[por'tjar] n. curtain hung in a doorway, either to¨
   replace the door or for decoration.

< French < Latin
\portly
adj. corpulent, stout.
\portmanteau
n. a large leather suitcase with two hinged¨
   compartments.
\poseur
[p%u'z%:r] n. person who behaves affectedly.

< French poser pose
\posit
['pozit] v. put forward as a fact;  postulate.
\positron
n. physics elementary particle with the same mass as¨
   but opposite (positive) charge to an electron.

< positive electron
\possess
[p%'zes] v.
o  hold as property;  own.
o  have (a faculty, quality, etc.).
o  occupy or dominate the mind of (possessed by the¨
   devil;  possessed by fear).

be possessed of own, have.
what possessed you? an expression of incredulity.¨

possessor n.

< Latin possideo possess-
\postdate
[p%ust'deit] v.
o  give a date later than the actual one to¨
   (a document, cheque etc.).
o  follow in time.
\postern
n. archaic back door;  side way or entrance.

< Latin, cf. "posterior"
\posthumous
['postjum%s] adj.
o  occurring after death.
o  (of a book etc.) published after the author's¨
   death.
o  (of a child) born after the death of its father.

posthumously adv.

< Latin postumus last, but modified as though from¨
   Latin post after + humus earth, that is, after the¨
   burial

pŅj.
o  posmrtnŁ (o knize atp.).
o  (o dÉtÅti) pohrobnÉ (posthumous child pohrobek).
\postpone
v.

postponement n.
\postulate
v. ['postjuleit]
o  (often foll. by that) assume as a necessary¨
   condition, esp. as a basis for reasoning;  take¨
   for granted.
o  claim.

n. ['postjul%t]
o  thing postulated.
o  prerequisite or condition.

< Latin postulo
\posture
['posĆ%(r)] n.
o  relative position of parts, esp. of the body;¨
   carriage, bearing.
o  mental attitude.
o  condition or state (of affairs etc.).

v.
o  assume a mental or physical attitude, esp. for¨
   effect.
o  pose (a person).

postural adj.

< Latin, cf. "posit"
\posy
n. small bunch of flowers.
\pot-boiler
n. piece of art, writing, etc. done merely to earn¨
   money.

\pothole
n.
o  deep hole or cave system in rock.
o  hole in a road surface.

potholer n.  potholing n.
\potluck
n. whatever food happens to be available for a meal,¨
   esp. when offered to a guest.
\potsherd
n. broken piece of ceramic material.
\potter
potter1 v. (US putter)
o  (often foll. by about, around) work or occupy¨
   oneself in a desultory manner.
o  go slowly, dawdle, loiter (pottered up to the¨
   pub).

< dial. pote push

potter2 n. maker of ceramic vessels.

< Old English, cf. "pot"
\potty
pj. noĆnÉk.

potty training uĆit chodit na noĆnÉk.
\pounce
v. spring or swoop, esp. as in capturing pray.
\pound
[paund] n. enclosure where stray animals or¨
   officially removed vehicles are kept until¨
   claimed.

< Old English
\pout
[paut] v.
o  push the lips forward as a sign of displeasure or¨
   sulking.
o  (of the lips) be pushed forward.

< origin unknown
\pox
n.
o  virus disease leaving pock-marks.
o  colloq. = syphilis.

< alteration of "pocks" pl. of "pock"
\prad
n. chiefly Australian horse.

< Dutch paard
\praetor
n. ancient Roman magistrate below consul.

< Latin
\pram
n. chiefly British a perambulator.
\prance
[pra:ns] v. (of a horse) raise the forelegs and¨
   spring from the hind legs.
\prankster
n. practical joker.
\prate
v.
o  chatter;  talk too much.
o  talk foolishly or irrelevantly.

n. prating;  idle talk.

< Low German or Dutch
\prattle
n. chatter in a childish or inconsequential way.
\preamble
n.
o  a preliminary statement.
o  an introductory part of a statute or deed etc.

< Latin, cf. "amble"
\precarious
adj. dangerously lacking in stability.
\precede
[pri'si:d] v. come or go before.
\precedent
n. previous case etc. taken as a guide for subsequent¨
   cases as a justification.
\precept
['pri:sept] n.
o  rule or guide, esp. for conduct.
o  lawful demand, esp. from one authority to another¨
   to levy rates.

< Latin praeceptum maxim, order
\preceptor
n. teacher, instructor.
\precession
n. slow movement of the axis of a spinning body¨
   around another axis.

< Latin precede
\precession of the equinoxes
n.
o  slow retrograde motion of equinoctial points along¨
   the ecliptic.
o  resulting earlier occurrence of equinoxes in each¨
   successive sidereal year.
\precinct
['pri:si@kt] n.
o  enclosed area, e.g. around a cathedral, college,¨
   etc.
o  designated area in a town, esp. where traffic is¨
   excluded.
o  (in pl.) environs.

< Latin praecingo -cinct- encircle
\precipice
n. vertical or steep face of a rock etc.
\precipitate
v.
o  to hurl down headlong.
o  to cause to happen before anticipated or required¨
   (precipitate a crisis).
o  to condense and fall as rain or snow.
o  chem. to cause (a solid substance) to be separated¨
   from a solution.

adj.
o  speeding headlong;  moving rapidly and heedlessly.
o  acting with excessive haste or impulse.
o  occurring suddenly or unexpectedly.

n. chem. a solid or solid phase chemically separated¨
   from a solution.

Usage:  Cf. precipitous.

precipitately adv.  precipitateness n.
\pr×cis
['preisi:] n. (pl. same [-si:z]) summary, abstract.

v. (-cises [-si:z];  -cised [-si:d];  -cising [-si:])¨
   make a pr×cis of.

< French
\preclude
[pri'klu:d] v.
o  (foll. by from) prevent.
o  make impossible.

< Latin praecludo, cf. "close"
\precocious
adj. prematurely developed in some respect.
\predator
n.
o  an animal that preys upon others.
o  one who plunders or abuses others for his own¨
   profit.
\predecessor
n.
\predetermine
[,pri:di't%:min] tr.
o  to determine beforehand.
o  to influence or incline towards an opinion¨
   beforehand;  bias.

predetermination n.
predeterminative adj.
predeterminer n.
\predicate
n. what is said about the subject of a sentence,¨
   e.g. went home in John went home.
\predicative
adj. (of a noun or adjective) forming or contained in¨
   the predicate as old in The dog is old;  old is¨
   thus a predicative adjective.
\predict
v. (often foll. by that) foretell, prophesy.

predictor n.

< Latin praedicto -dict- foretell
\predilection
[,pri:di'lekÓ(%)n] n. (often foll. by for) preference¨
   or special liking.

< Latin praediligo prefer
\pre-empt
v.
o  forestall.
o  appropriate in advance.
o  obtain by pre-emption.

< back-formation < pre-emption
\preen
v.
o  (of a bird) tidy (the feathers or itself) with its¨
   beak.
o  (of a person) smarten or admire (oneself, one's¨
   hair, clothes, etc.).
o  (often foll. by on) congratulate or pride¨
   (oneself).

< origin unknown
\prefatory
['prefat%ri] adj. of a preface.
\prefect
n. chief administrative officer of a district.
\preferable
adj.
\prehensile
[pri'hensail] adj. zool. (of a tail or limb) capable¨
   of grasping.

prehensility n.

< French pr×hensile < Latin prehendere prehens- (as¨
   pre-, hendere grasp
\prelate
n. high ecclesiastical dignitary, e.g. a bishop.
\preliminary
adj. introductory, preparatory.

n. (pl. -ies) (usu. in pl.)
o  preliminary action or arrangement (dispense with¨
   the preliminaries).
o  preliminary trial or contest.

< Latin limen treshold
\prelude
pj. pŅedehra.
\premonition
n. forewarning;  presentiment.

premonitory adj.

< Latin moneo warn
\preponderate
v. to be greater in power, weight, or importance.

preponderance n.  preponderant adj.
v. predominate.
\preposition
pj. pŅedloŚka.

< Latin praepono -posit- place before
\preposterous
adj. utterly absurd.
\prepotent
adj. predominant.
\prerogative
[pri'rog%tiv] n. right or privilege exclusive to an¨
   individual or class.

< Latin praerogo ask first
\presage
n.
o  omen, portent.
o  presentiment, foreboding.

v.
o  portend, foreshadow.
o  give warning of (an event etc.) by natural means.
o  (of a person) predict or have a presentiment of.

< Latin praesagium
\prescient
adj. having foreknowledge or foresight.

prescience n.

< Latin praescio know before
\presentiment
n. vague expectation;  foreboding (esp. of¨
   misfortune).
\presumption
n. arrogance, presumptuous behaviour.
\presumptuous
adj. unduly or overbearingly confident.

presumptuously adv.  presumptuousness n.
\presuppose
v.

presupposition n.
\pretence
n. (US pretense)

< Anglo-Latin, cf. "pretend"
\pretense
--> pretence
\pretension
n. assertion of a claim.
\pretext
n. ostensible reason.
\preview
pj.
o  ukĮzka (filmu).
o  poĆÉtaĆe ukĮzka jak bude vypadat vytiÓtÅnĮ strĮnka¨
   textu.

n. (also prevue)
o  an advance showing, as of a motion picture, prior¨
   to public presentation.
o  the presentation of several scenes advertising¨
   a forthcoming motion picture.
o  an advance experience;  foretaste.

v. to view or exhibit in advance.
\prick
pierce slightly;  make a small hole in.
\prig
n. self-righteous or moralistic person.
\primacy
['praim%si] n. (pl. -cies)
o  preeminence;  the state of being first in rank,¨
   grade, etc.
o  Christianity the office, rank, or jurisdiction of¨
   a primate or senior bishop or (in the Roman¨
   Catholic Church) the pope.
\prima facie
[praim% 'feiÓi:] adv. at first sight.

adj. (of evidence) based on the first impression.

< Latin
\prime minister
n. head of an elected government;  principal¨
   minister.
\primeval
adj. of or pertaining to the first or earliest ages;¨
   primitive.
\primogeniture
n. the law of the first-born (son).
\primordial
adj. existing at or from the beginning.
\principle
pj.
o  princip, zĮsada.
o  zĮklad, prvek.
o  koŅen, pramen, pŹvod.

on principle zĮsadnÅ
\prior
n. superior of a religious house or order.
\prism
pj. hranol.
\pristine
adj.
o  in its original condition;  unspoilt.
o  spotless.
o  ancient.

pŅj. starodĮvnŁ.
\prithee
interj. archaic (I) pray thee.

< 1570-80;  by shortening and alteration
\prius
adv. earlier.
\Privatdocent
n. (esp. in German-speaking countries) a university¨
   lecturer who formerly received fees from his¨
   students rather than a university salary.

< German < privat private + docent (for Dozent¨
   lecturer) < Latin doc×re to teach
\privation
n. lack of the comforts or necessities of life.
\private
n. a shrub with small, dark-green leaves, widely used¨
   for hedges.
\privy
['privi] adj.
o  (foll. by to) sharing in the secret of¨
   (a person's plans etc.).
o  archaic hidden, secret.

n. (pl. -ies) lavatory, esp. an outside one.

< French priv× private place
\probate
['pr%ubeit] n.
o  official proving of a will.
o  verified copy of a will with a certificate as¨
   handed to executors.

< Latin probo prove
\probity
n. uprightness, honesty.

< Latin probus good
\proboscis
n. elongated mouth parts.
\process
n. and v.
\proclivity
n. a natural inclination;  propensity.
\procrastinate
s. odloŚit.
\proctor
n. someone who supervises students, as during¨
   examinations.

proctor v.  proctorial adj.
\procurator
n. an administrator, esp. of a minor province in¨
   ancient Rome.
\procure
v.
o  obtain by special means.
o  obtain (a person) for the purpose of prostitution.
¨
< Latin
\prodigal
adj.
o  recklessly wasteful.
o  (foll. by of) lavish.

n.
o  prodigal person.
o  (in full prodigal son) repentant wastrel, returned¨
   wanderer, etc. (Luke 15:11-32).

prodigality n.

< Latin prodigus lavish
\prodigious
adj.
o  marvellous or amazing.
o  enormous, vast in size, extent, power, etc.
o  obs. threatening.

< Latin prodigium, cf. prodigy
\prodigy
n. exceptionally gifted or able person.
\profane
[pr%'fein] adj.
o  irreverent, blasphemous.
o  (of language) obscene.
o  not sacred or biblical;  secular.

v.
o  treat (esp. a sacred thing) irreverently;¨
   disregard.
o  violate or pollute.

profanation n.

< Latin fanum temple
\profess
v. to make a pretence of.
\professional
pj. odbornÉk.
\professor
n. gradation of the title:
1.  Professor
2.  Associate Professor
3.  Assistant Professor
4.  Instructor
5.  Sessional Instructor
\proffer
['prof%r] v. offer.

< French, cf. "pro-", "offer"
\profit
['profit] v. (-t-)

< Latin profectus, cf. proficient
\profligate
['proflig%t] adj.
o  recklessly extravagant.
o  licentious, dissolute.

profligacy n.

< Latin profligo ruin
\pro
n. colloq. professional.
\pro forma
adj. done as a matter of or according to form.
\frofound
adj.
o  beyond what is superficial or obvious;  deep.
o  intense or extreme in degree or quality.
o  extending far down from a horizontal surface.
\profundity
pj. hloubka, hlubokost.
\profuse
adj.
o  (often foll. by in, of) lavish;  extravagant.
o  exuberantly plentiful;  copious (profuse variety).
¨
profusely adv.  profusion n.

< Latin fundo fus- pour
\programme
n.

programmatic adj.
\progress
pj.
o  postup.
o  moudromil. pokrok.
\prolix
adj. (of speech, writing etc.) lengthy;  tedious.

prolixity n.

< Latin
\prolixity
--> prolix
\prominent
['promin%nt] adj. jutting out, projecting.
\promontory
['prom%nt%ri] n. point of high land jutting out into¨
   the sea etc.;  headland.

< Latin
\promote
v. help forward;  encourage.
\prompt
pj. poĆÉtaĆe vŁzva (DOS prompt vŁzva DOSu).
\promulgate
v.
o  make known to the public;  disseminate;  promote.
o  proclaim (a decree, news, etc.).

promulgation n.  promulgator n.

< Latin
\pronominal
[pr%u'nomin(%)l] adj. of, concerning, or being,¨
   a pronoun.

< Latin, cf. pronoun
\pronoun
pj. zĮjmeno.

pronominal pŅj.
\pronounce
v.
\pronunciation
n.
\proofread
v. to read a text in order to detect and mark errors¨
   to be corrected.

proofreader n.
\prop
n. rigid, esp. separate, support.
\propaedeutic
[proupi'dju:tik] adj.
o  pertaining to teaching.
o  introductory.
\propagate
v.
o  reproduce or cause to reproduce;  breed.
o  make known;  publicise.
o  physics move or cause to move through a medium.

propagation n.
\propensity
n. inclination, tendency.
\proper noun
n. (also proper name) capitalized name for an¨
   individual person, place, animal, country, title,¨
   etc.
\prophylaxis
[,profi'l&ksis] n. the prevention of disease or¨
   control of its possible spread.
\propitiate
v. appease (an offended person etc.).

propitiable adj.
propitiation n.
propitiator n.
propitiatory adj.

< Latin, cf. propitious
\propitious
[pr%'piÓ%s] adj.
o  (of an omen etc.) favourable;  auspicious.
o  (often foll. by for, to) suitable, advantageous.

< Latin propitius
\propound
[pr%'paund]
v. offer for consideration;  propose.

< propo(u)ne < Latin, cf. "propose"
\proprioceptor
[proupri%'septor] n. sensory nerve ending that¨
   provides a sense of the position of the body.
\prosaic
[pr%'zeiik] adj.
o  like prose, lacking poetic beauty.
o  unromantic;  dull;  commonplace.
\proscribe
[pr%'skraib] v.
o  forbid, esp. by law.
o  reject or denounce (a practice etc.).
o  outlaw (a person).

proscription n.   proscriptive adj.

Usage:  Proscribe is sometimes confused with¨
   prescribe.

< Latin, = publish in writing
\prosecute
prosecutor n.
\proselyte
['pros%lait] n.
o  person converted, esp. recently, from one opinion,¨
   creed, party, etc., to another.
o  convert to Judaism.
\prosody
['pros%di] n.
o  the study of poetic metre and of the art of¨
   versification, including rhyme, stanzaic forms,¨
   and the quantity and stress of syllables.
o  a system of versification.
o  the patterns of stress and intonation in¨
   a language.

prosodist n.
prosodic [pr%'sodik] adj.

< Latin prosĻdia accent of a syllable < Greek¨
   prosĻidia song set to music < pros towards + Ļidaר
   < aoid× song, cf. "ode"
\prosthesis
n. artificial part of a body.

pj. prot×sa.
\prostrate
['prostreit] adj. lying face downwards, esp. in¨
   submission.

[pro'streit] v. refl. throw (oneself) down in¨
   submission etc.

prostration n.

< Latin prosterno -strat- throw in front
\protasis
logic if-clause.
\protean
adj. readily taking on different shapes or forms.
\protege
--> prot×g×
\prot×g×
['proti,Śei] n. (fem. prot×g×e pronunc. same) one¨
   whose welfare or career is promoted by an¨
   influential person.

< French, cf. protect
\protest
v.
\Protestant
n. member or follower of any of the Churches¨
   separating from the Roman Catholic Church after¨
   the Reformation.

adj. of the Protestant Churches or their members etc.

Protestantism n.

< protest
\prove
(prove-proved-proved or prove-proven-proven)

proven adj.

Usage:  The form proved is the preferred form of the¨
   past participle.ž The variant proven is more¨
   widely used as an adjective (a proven talent).
\provenance
['provin%ns] n. origin or place of origin;  history.

< French provenir < Latin
\providence
n.
o  the protective care of God or nature.
o  (Providence) God in this aspect.
o  foresight;  thrift.

< Latin, cf. "provide"
\provision
n. preparation, esp. for the future.
\proviso
n. a clause in a document making a qualification or¨
   condition.

provisory adj.

< Latin
\provost
n.
o  head of some (esp. old English) colleges.
o  head of a cathedral chapter.
o  = provost marshal.
o  obs. prison warden.

< Latin propositus < pono place
\provost marshal
n. head of military police in camp or on active¨
   service.
\prow
[prau] n. the forward part of a ship's hull;  bow.
\prowess
n. skill, expertise.
\prowl
[praul] v. (often foll. by about, around) roam¨
   (a place) esp. stealthily or restlessly or in¨
   search of prey, plunder, etc.

n. act of prowling.

on the prowl prowling.

prowler n.

< origin unknown
\proximal
adj.
o  situated toward the point of origin or attachment,¨
   as of a limb or bone.  (cf. distal)
o  of or designating the surface of a tooth nearest¨
   to a specified adjacent tooth.
o  nearest, proximate.

< Latin proximus next
\prude
[pru:d] n. excessively (often affectedly) squeamish¨
   or sexually modest person.

prudery n.  prudish adj.  prudishly adv.
prudishness n.

< French, cf. "proud"
\prudent
['pru:d(%)nt] adj. skilled in practical affairs.
\prune
v. trim (a tree etc.) by cutting away dead or¨
   overgrown branches etc.
\pry
[prai] v.
o  (usu. foll. by into) inquire impertinently.
o  (usu. foll. by into, about etc.) look or peer¨
   inquisitively.

< origin unknown
\pseudo-
prefix false, fake, deceptive (pseudonym).

pŅedpona pa- (pseudo-science pavÅda).
\psyche
n. the soul, spirit, or mind.
\psychedelic
adj.
o  expanding the mind's awareness etc., esp. with¨
   hallucinogenic drugs.
o  hallucinatory;  bizarre.
o  (of a drug) producing hallucinations.
o  colloq. producing a hallucinatory effect;  vivid¨
   in colour or design etc.
o  colloq. (of colours, patterns, etc.) bright, bold,¨
   and often abstract.

< Greek psukh× mind, d×los clear
\psychosis
[sai'k%usis] n. (pl. -choses [-si:z]) severe mental¨
   disorder with loss of contact with reality.

< Greek, cf. "psyche"
\psychosomatic
pŅj. psychosomatickŁ.
\pterodactyl
n. a large extinct flying reptile.

< Greek pteron wing + dactyl
\PTO
abbr. please turn over.
\publican
n. keeper of a public house.
\public relations
pj. department of public relations odbor vnÅjÓÉch¨
   vztahŹ.
\puce
[pju:s] n. a colour varying from deep red to dark¨
   purplish-brown.

< French couleur puce flea colour < Latin pÕlex flea
\pucker
v. to gather into wrinkles or folds (pucker one's¨
   lips).

n. wrinkles or folds.
\pudding
n.
o  any of various sweet cooked dishes (rice pudding).
o  savoury dish containing flour, suet, etc. (steak¨
   and kidney pudding).
o  sweet course of a meal.
o  any of various sausages stuffed with oatmeal,¨
   spices, blood, etc. (black pudding).
o  colloq. plump, stupid, or lazy person.¨

puddingy adj.

< Latin botellus sausage
\pudendum
[pju:'dend%m] n. (pl. pudenda) (usu. in pl.)¨
   genitals, esp. of a woman.

< Latin pudeo be ashamed
\puerile
['pju%rail] adj. childish, immature.

puerility [-'riliti] n.

< Latin puer boy
\pug
[pag] n.
o  (also called carlin) a small compact breed of dog¨
   with a smooth coat, lightly curled tail, and¨
   a short wrinkled nose.
o  any of several small geometrid moths, mostly of¨
   the genus Eupithecia, with slim forewings held¨
   outstretched at rest.
\pugnacious
adj. quarrelsome.

< Latin pugno fight
\puke
v. and n. slang vomit.

pukey adj.

< imitative
\pule
v. literary cry querulously or weakly;  whimper.¨

< imitative
\pulpwood
n. timber suitable for making paper-pulp.
\pulse
[pals] n.
\pun
(-nn-) humorous use of a word or words with two or¨
   more meanings.
\punch
n. drink of wine or spirits mixed with water, fruit¨
   juices, spices, etc., and usu. served hot.

< origin unknown
\punchy
adj. vigorous, forceful.
\pundit
['pandit] n.
o  (also pandit) learned Hindu.
o  often iron. expert.

punditry n.

< Hindustani < Sanskrit
\pungent
['pandŚ(%)nt] adj.
o  sharp or strong in taste or smell, esp. producing¨
   a smarting or pricking sensation.
o  (of remarks) penetrating, biting, caustic.
o  mentally stimulating.

pungency n.
< Latin, cf. "point"
\punitive
['pju:nitiv] adj.
o  inflicting or intending to inflict punishment.
o  (of taxation etc.) extremely severe.

< French or medieval Latin, cf. "punish"
\punk
n.
o  (in full punk rock) anti-establishment and¨
   deliberately outrageous style of rock music.
o  (in full punk rocker) devotee of this.
o  esp. US young hooligan or petty criminal;  lout.
o  soft crumbly fungus-infested wood used as tinder.
o  archaic prostitute.

< origin unknown
\punter
n. person who gambles or lays a bet.
\puny
['pju:ni] adj.
o  undersized.
o  weak, feeble.

< French puisn× born afterwards
\purgative
adj. tending to purge, esp. to cause evacuation of¨
   the bowels.

n. a purgative agent or medicine.
\purl
v. (of a brook etc.) flow with a babbling sound.
\purport
[p%'po:t] v. profess.

['p%:po:t] n.
o  ostensible meaning.
o  sense or tenor (of a document or statement).
\purpose
['p%:p%s] n.

< Latin propono, cf. "propose"
\purse
v. contract, wrinkle.
\purser
n. the officer in charge of money matters on board¨
   a ship.
\purvey
[p%'vei] v. provide or supply (food etc.) as one's¨
   business.

purveyor n.

< Latin, cf. provide
\purview
n.
o  the range of physical or mental vision.
o  the scope of operation or concern of something.
o  law the body of a statute, containing the enacting¨
   clauses.
\pus
[pas] n. the yellow or greenish fluid product of¨
   inflammation, composed largely of dead leucocytes,¨
   exuded plasma, and liquefied tissue cells.

< Latin pus, cf. Greek puon pus
\pushpin
n. North American a pin with a small ball-shaped¨
   head.

pj. ÓpendlÉk.
\pushy
adj. colloq. excessively self-assertive.

pushily adv.  pushiness n.
\putative
['pju:t%tiv] adj. formal reputed, supposed (his¨
   putative father).

< Latin puto think
\putrefy
v.
o  become or make putrid;  go bad.
o  fester, suppurate.
o  become morally corrupt.

putrefaction n.  putrefactive adj.

< Latin puter putris rotten
\putrid
adj. decomposed, rotten.

< Latin
\putt
[pat] v. strike (a golf ball) gently on¨
   a putting-green.
\putty
['pati] pj.
o  tmel.
o  poddajna osoba.

n.
o  a stiff paste made of whiting and linseed oil that¨
   is used to fix glass panes into frames and to fill¨
   cracks or holes in woodwork, etc.
o  any substance with a similar consistency,¨
   function, or appearance.
o  a mixture of lime and water with sand or plaster¨
   of Paris used on plaster as a finishing coat.
o  --> putty powder.
o  a person who is easily influenced or persuaded¨
   (he's putty in her hands).
o  colour varying from a greyish-yellow to¨
   a greyish-brown or brownish-grey.
o  (as adj.) putty-coloured.

up to putty Austral. informal worthless or useless.
\Pythagoreanism
\python
n. a large, nonvenomous Old World snake that coils¨
   around and suffocates its prey.
\QED1 abbr. quod erat demonstrandum.

< Latin, which was to be shown or proved

\QED2 abbr. quantum electrodynamics.
\quotation
pj. citĮt, citace.
\qua
[kwei, kwa:]
o  in the capacity of;  by virtue of being.
o  as.

< Latin, ablative singular feminine of qui who
\quack
n.
o  unqualified practitioner, esp. of medicine.
o  harsh sound made by ducks.
\quadrilateral
pj. Ćtverhran.
\quadruped
n. four-footed animal.
\quaff
[kwof] v. literary
o  drink deeply.
o  drain (a cup etc.) in long draughts.

quaffable adj.

< perhaps imitative
\quail
quail1 n. (pl. same or -s) small gamebird related to¨
   the partridge.

< French quaille

quail2 v. flinch;  show fear.

< origin unknown
\quandary
n. a condition of uncertainty or doubt;  dilemma.
\quaint
adj.
o  charmingly old-fashioned.
o  unfamiliar or unusual.

quaintly adv.  quaintness n.

< French cointe < Latin cognosco acertain
\quality
pj. filosofie vlastnost.
\qualm
n. misgiving;  uneasy doubt.
\quarantine
n.
o  isolation imposed on persons or animals to prevent¨
   infection or contagion.
o  period of this.

v. put in quarantine.

< Italian quaranta forty
\quarry
quarry1 n. place from which stone etc. may be¨
   extracted.

v. extract (stone) from a quarry.

< Latin quadrum square

quarry2 n.
o  intended victim or prey.
o  object of pursuit.

< Latin cor heart
\quarto
n.
o  size of a book or page given by folding a sheet of¨
   standard size twice to form four leaves.
o  book or sheet of this size.

< Latin, cf. "quart"
\quash
v. annul;  reject as invalid, esp. by a legal¨
   procedure.
\quaver
v. (esp. of a voice or sound) vibrate, shake,¨
   tremble.
\quay
[ki:] n. artificial landing-place for loading and¨
   unloading ships.

< French
\quayside
n. land forming or near a quayside.
\queasy
['kwi:zi] adj.
o  (of a person) nauseous.
o  (of the stomach) easily upset, weak of digestion.
o  (of the conscience etc.) overscrupulous.

queasily adv.  queasiness n.

< origin uncertain
\Quebec
[kwi'bek] n. a province in Canada;  Lower Canada.
\queer
adj. strange.
\quell
v.
o  crush or put down (a rebellion etc.).
o  suppress (fear etc.).

< Old English
\quench
v. extinguish (a fire or light).
\querulous
['kwerul%s] adj. complaining, peevish.
¨
querulously adv.

< Latin queror complain
\quest
n. a thing sought, esp. by a medieval knight.
\quibble
n. petty objection, trivial point of criticism.
\quid
n. slang (pl. same) one pound sterling.
\quid pro quo
[,kwid pr%u 'kw%u] n. (pl. quid pro quos) return made¨
   (for a gift, favour, etc.).

< Latin, = something for something
\quiescent
adj. inert, dormant.

quiescence n.

< quiet
\quince
pj. kdoule.
\quinquagenarian
n. person who is fifty years old or between fifty and¨
   sixty.
\quintessence
n.
o  (usu. foll. by of) purest and most perfect form,¨
   manifestation, or embodiment of a quality etc.
o  highly refined extract.

quintessential adj.  quintessentially adv.

< Latin quinta essentia fifth substance (underlying¨
   the four elements)
\quintet
n. a composition for five performers.

< Latin quintus
\quire
n. 25 (formerly 24) sheets of paper.
\quirk
n.
o  peculiarity of action or behaviour.
o  trick of fate.

quirky adj.

< origin unknown
\quoit
n. ring thrown to encircle an iron peg.
\quoth
v. (only in 1st and 3rd person) archaic said.

< Old English
\quotient
n. the number that results from the division of one¨
   number by another.

pj. mat. podÉl, kvocient.
\qv
Latin abbr. quod vide (denoting a cross reference).

< New Latin:  which (word, item, etc.) see
\rabble
n. mob.
\rabid
adj. affected with rabies.
\raccoon
pj. medvÉdek mŁval.
\Rachel
['reiĆ%l] Jacob's favourite wife, the mother of¨
   Joseph and Benjamin (Gen. 29-35).
\racy
adj. lively and vigorous.
\radiator
pj. otopn× tÅleso, radiĮtor.
\ragamuffin
n. child in ragged dirty clothes.

< probably < rag
\ragged
adj. torn;  frayed.
\ragi
['r&gi] n. a cereal grass cultivated in Africa and¨
   Asia.
\raillery
n. good-humoured ridicule.

< French raillerie, cf. rail
\railroad
n. esp. US = railway.
v. (often foll. by into, through, etc.) coerce;  rush¨
   (railroaded into agreeing;  railroaded through the¨
   Cabinet).
\railway
n.
o  a system of transportation employing railed roads,¨
   the rolling stock, stations, etc.
o  a track providing a pathway for wheeled vehicles.
\raiment
n. clothing.
\rain
n.

it is raining cats and dogs idiom it is raining¨
   heavily or steadily.

it is raining cats and dogs idiom lije jako z konve.
\rain check
n. ticket given for a later use when an outdoor event¨
   is interrupted or postponed by rain.
\raison d'×tat
n. reason of state.
\raison d'etre
raison d'^etre [reizo 'detr] n. (pl. raisons d'etre¨
   pronunc. same) purpose or reason that accounts¨
   for, justifies, or originally caused a thing's¨
   existence.

< French
\ram
n.
o  uncastrated male sheep.
o  (the Ram) zodiacal sign or constellation Aries.
o  hist. = battering-ram.
o  falling weight of a pile-driving machine.
o  hydraulically operated water pump.

v. (-mm-)
o  force or squeeze into place by pressure.
o  (usu. foll. by down, in, etc.) beat down or drive¨
   in by heavy blows.
o  (of a ship, vehicle, etc.) strike violently, crash¨
   against.
o  (foll. by against, into) dash or violently impel.

< Old English
\ramble
v. walk for pleasure.
\rambunctious
adj. boisterous;  unruly.
\ramify
< Latin ramus branch
\rammer
pj. beran, palice, dusadlo.
\rampage
n. wild or violent behaviour.
\rampant
adj. unchecked, flourishing excessively.
\ramrod
n.
o  metal rod used to force the charge into¨
   a muzzleloading firearm.
o  rod used to clean the barrel of a firearm.
\ramshackle
adj. shoddily constructed.
\rancour
n. (US rancor) inveterate bitterness, malignant hate.

rancorous adj.

< Latin rancor, cf. rancid
\random
adj. arbitrary.
\rank
rank1 n.
o  position in a hierarchy, grade of advancement.
o  distinct social class;  grade of dignity or¨
   achievement.
o  high social position.
o  place in a scale.
o  row or line.
o  single line of soldiers drawn up abreast.
o  place where taxis await customers.
o  order, array.

v.
o  have a rank or place.
o  classify, give a certain grade to.
o  arrange (esp. soldiers) in rank.

close ranks maintain solidarity.
the ranks common soldiers.

< French ranc

rank2
adj.
o  luxuriant, coarse;  choked with or apt to produce¨
   weeds or excessive foliage.
o  foul-smelling.
o  loathsome, corrupt.
o  flagrant, virulent, gross, complete (rank¨
   outsider).

< Old English
\ransom
n.
o  money demanded or paid for the release of¨
   a prisoner.
o  liberation of a prisoner in return for this.

v.
o  buy the freedom or restoration of;  redeem.
o  = hold to ransom (hold).
o  release for a ransom.

< Latin, cf. "redemption"
\rant
[r&nt] v. speak loudly, bombastically, violently, or¨
   theatrically.

n. piece of ranting.

rant and rave express anger noisily and forcefully.

< Dutch
\rap
rap1 n.
o  smart slight blow.
o  knock, sharp tapping sound.
o  slang blame, punishment.
o  rhythmic monologue recited to music.
o  (in full rap music) style of rock music with words¨
   recited.

v. (-pp-)
o  strike smartly.
o  knock;  make a sharp tapping sound.
o  criticise adversely.
o  perform a rap.

take the rap suffer the consequences.

rapper n.

< probably imitative

rap2 n. small amount, the least bit (don't care¨
   a rap).

< Irish ropaire counterfeit coin
\rapacious
adj.
o  greedy;  avaricious.
o  existing by feeding on live prey.
o  voracious;  ravenous.

rapaciousness or rapacity n.
rapaciously adv.
\rapier
n. light slender sword for thrusting.
\rapport
[r&'po:(r)] n. relationship or communication, esp.¨
   when useful and harmonious.

< Latin porto carry
\rapprochement
[r&'proÓm%] n. French resumption of harmonious¨
   relations, esp. between States.
\rapt
adj. fully absorbed.
\rapture
n. ecstatic delight.
\rare
rare1 [re%] adj.
o  infrequently occurring;  uncommon.
o  extraordinary;  special.
o  thin in density;  rarefied (the rare air of high¨
   altitudes).

rarely adv.
rareness n.
rarity n.

rare2 [re%] adj. (of meat, esp. beef) very lightly¨
   cooked

< Old English hr×r, perhaps related to hreaw raw
\rarefy
['re%rifai] v.
o  make or become less dense or solid.
o  purify or refine (a person's nature etc.).
o  make (an idea etc.) subtle.

rarefaction [-'f&kÓ(%)n] n.

< French or medieval Latin, cf. "rare"
\rash
n. erruption of the skin in spots or patches.

adj. reckless, hasty.
\rasper
pj. pilnÉk, struhadlo.
\Rastafarian
n. member of a Jamaican sect, often having dreadlocks¨
   and regarding Haile Selassie of Ethiopia as God.
\ratify
v. confirm or accept.
\ratiocination
n. using reason in the form of syllogisms etc.
\ratiomorphic
adj. relating to processes that occur at the¨
   prerational or preconscious level.
\rationale
[,r&Ó%'na:l] n. fundamental reason, logical basis.

< neuter of Latin rationalis, cf. "rational"
\rationality
pj. rozumĮŅstvÉ.
\rattan
n. any of various climbing palms of tropical Asia,¨
   with long, tough, slender stems that are used to¨
   make wickwork.
\ravine
[r%'vi:n] n. deep narrow gorge.

< Latin, cf. "rapine"
\ravioli
pl. n. small casings of pasta with various fillings,¨
   such as chopped meat or cheese.
\ravish
v.
o  to seize and take by force.
o  to rape.
o  to enrapture.

ravisher n.  ravishment n.
\raw
pŅj. surovŁ.
\raze
v. destroy completely.
\reactionary
adj. opposing esp. political change.
\realpolitik
n. political realism or practical politics, esp.¨
   policy based on power rather than ideals.
\realty
n. another term for real property.
\ream
n. twenty quires of paper.

pj.
o  rys (papÉru).
o  mnĆ. spousta papÉru.
\reap
v. cut or gather (grain) esp. as a harvest.
\reaper
n.
o  person who reaps.
o  reaping machine.
o  (the Reaper or grim Reaper) death personified.
\reason
pj. filosofie dŹvod.
\reave
reave1
vt. (reave-reaved-reaved or reave-reft-reft) archaic¨
   to take away by force;  plunder;  rob.

< bef. 900;  Middle English reven, Old English¨
   r×afian, cf. Dutch roven, German rauben to rob

reave2
vt., vi. (reave-reaved-reaved or reave-reft-reft)¨
   archaic to rend;  break;  tear.

< 1550-60;  apparently confusion of reave1 with rive
\rebarbative
[ri'ba:rb%tiv] adj. causing annoyance, irritation or¨
   aversion;  repellent.
\rebel
n.

v. (-ll-)

< Latin bellum war
\rebuff
[ri'baf] v. to reject bluntly or abruptly;  snub.

n. a blunt or abrupt refusal.
\rebus
['ri:b%s] n. representation of a word by pictures¨
   etc. suggesting its parts.
\rebut
[ri'bat] v. to refute.
\recalcitrant
[ri'k&lsitr%nt] adj.
o  obstinately disobedient.
o  objecting to restraint.

recalcitrance n.

< Latin recalcitro kick out < calx heel
\recant
[ri'k&nt] v. to withdraw or renounce a former belief¨
   or statement as erroneous or heretical.
\recap
['ri:k&p] colloq. v. (-pp-) recapitulate.

n. recapitulation.

< abbreviation
\recapitulate
[ri:k%'pitjuleit] v.
o  to go briefly through again;  summarize.
o  to go over the main points or headings of.

< Latin, cf. "capital"
\recast
v.
o  cast again.
o  put into a new form.
\recede
v. to go or shrink back or further off.
\recess
n. space set back in a wall.
\recessive
[ri'sesiv] adj. tending to recede.
\received pronunciation
n. the form of educated spoken English used in¨
   southern England.
\receivership
n.
o  office of official receiver.
o  state of being dealt with by a receiver (esp. in¨
   receivership).
\recidivist
n. person who relapses into crime.

recidivism n.

< Latin recidivus falling back, cf. recede
\recipe
pj. pŅedpis;  recept.
\reciprocal
adj.
o  done in return (a reciprocal greeting, reciprocal¨
   trade concessions).
o  experienced, felt, or done by both sides;  mutual.
o  Gram. (of a pronoun) expressing mutual relation¨
   (as in each other).

n. Math. expression or function so related to another¨
   that their product is unity (1/2 is the reciprocal¨
   of 2).

reciprocally adv.

< Latin reciprocus moving to and fro
\reciprocity
n.
o  condition of being reciprocal.
o  mutual action.
o  give and take, esp. the interchange of privileges.
\reckless
adj. disregarding the consequences or danger etc.;¨
   rash.
\reckoning
n. settlement of an account.
\recluse
n. person given to or living in seclusion or¨
   isolation;  hermit.

reclusive adj.

< Latin recludo -clus- shut away
\recollect
v.
\recompense
v.
o  make amends to (a person) or for (a loss etc.).
o  requite;  reward or punish (a person or action).

n.
o  reward, requital.
o  retribution.

< Latin, cf. "compensate"
\recondite
['rek%ndait] adj.
o  (of a subject or knowledge) abstruse, out of the¨
   way, little known.
o  (of an author or style) dealing in abstruse¨
   knowledge or allusions, obscure.

< Latin recondo -dit- put away
\recount
v. narrate.
\recourse
n.
o  resort to a possible source of help.
o  person or thing resorted to.

have recourse to turn to (a person or thing) for¨
   help.

< Latin, cf. "course"
\recreant
adj. literary craven, cowardly.

n. coward.

< medieval Latin, cf. creed
\recriminate
v. make mutual or counter accusations.
\rectangle
pj. pravoÕhelnÉk.
\rector
n.
o  a clergyman in charge of a parish.
o  RC Church a priest serving as head of a seminary¨
   or university.
o  the principal of certain schools, colleges, or¨
   universities.
\recumbent
adj. lying down;  reclining.
\recuperate
[ri'ku:-] v. regain.
\redact
vt.
o  to put into suitable literary form;  edit.
o  to frame (a statement).

redaction n.  redactor n.
\rede
counsel, advice.
\redeploy
[ri:di'ploi] v. send (troops, workers, etc.) to a new¨
   place or task.

redeployment n.
\red line
n. a line of the colour red that is parallel to and¨
   equidistant from the goal lines and divides an ice¨
   hockey rink in half.

< 1960-5
\redneck
['red,nek] n. disparaging
o  (in the southwestern U.S.) a poor uneducated White¨
   farm worker.
o  a person or institution that is extremely¨
   reactionary.

adj. reactionary and bigoted (redneck laws).
\redo
v. do again.
\redolent
adj.
o  (foll. by of, with) strongly reminiscent,¨
   suggestive, or smelling.
o  fragrant.

redolence n.

< Latin oleo smell
\redouble
v. make or grow stronger or more numerous.
\redoubtable
adj. formidable.
\redound
[ri'daund] v.
o  (foll. by to) make a great contribution to (one's¨
   credit or advantage etc.).
o  (foll. by upon, on) come back or recoil upon.

< Latin unda wave
\redress
n. a reparation for a wrong.
\red tape
n. bureaucrat.
\reduce
(foll. by to)
\redwood
n.
o  a very tall evergreen tree of coastal California.
o  the soft, reddish wood of this tree.
\reed
n.
o  water or marsh plant with a firm stem.
o  tall straight stalk of this.
o  strip of cane etc. vibrating to produce the sound¨
   in some wind instruments.
o  (esp. in pl.) such an instrument.

reeded adj.

< Old English
\reef
n. each of several strips across a sail for taking it¨
   in or rolling it up.
\reek
v. smell strongly and unpleasantly.
\reel
n.
o  cylindrical device on which thread, silk, yarn,¨
   paper, film, wire, etc., are wound.
o  quantity of thread etc. wound on a reel.
o  device for winding and unwinding a line as¨
   required, esp. in fishing.
o  revolving part in various machines.
o  lively folk or Scottish dance
o  music for this.

v.
o  wind (thread, fishing-line, etc.) on a reel.
o  (foll. by in, up) draw (fish etc.) in or up with¨
   a reel.
o  stand, walk, or run unsteadily.
o  be shaken mentally or physically.
o  rock from side to side, or swing violently.
o  dance a reel.

reel off say or recite very rapidly and without¨
   apparent effort.

< Old English
\reeve
reeve1 n. hist.
o  chief magistrate of a town or district.
o  official supervising a landowner's estate.

< Old English

reeve2 v. (past rove or reeved) naut.
o  (usu. foll. by through) thread (a rope or rod¨
   etc.) through a ring or other aperture.
o  fasten (a rope or block) in this way.

< probably Dutch reven

reeve3 n. female ruff.

< origin unknown
\re-examine
v. examine again or further.
\refectory
n. dining room, esp. in a monastery or college.
\refer
v. (-rr-)
\referendary
pj. zŅ.
o  rozhodĆÉ.
o  referent, pŅednĮÓeĆ.
\referent
n. an object or event to which a term or symbol¨
   refers.
\reflexive
adj. grammar
o  designating a verb having an identical subject and¨
   direct object, as shaved in He shaved himself.
o  designating the pronoun used as the direct object.

reflexive n.  reflexively adv.
reflexiveness or reflexivity n.
\refract
v. (of water, air, glass, etc.) deflect (a ray of¨
   light etc.) at a certain angle when it enters¨
   obliquely from another medium.

refraction n.
refractive adj.

< Latin refringo -fract- break open
\refractory
adj.
o  stubborn, unmanageable, rebellious.
o  (of a wound, disease, etc.) not yielding to¨
   treatment.
o  (of a substance) hard to fuse or work.

< Latin, cf. refract
\reft
v., p. and pp. from reave.
\regal
['ri:g%l] adj.
o  of or by a monarch or monarchs.
o  fit for a monarch;  magnificent.

regality [ri'g&liti] n.
regally adv.

< Latin rex reg- king
\regale
[ri'geil] v.
o  entertain lavishly with feasting.
o  (foll. by with) entertain with (talk etc.).

< French r×galer, cf. "gallant"
\regime
[rei'Śi:m] n. (also r×gime)
\regiment
['redŚi,ment] v.
o  organise (esp. oppressively) in groups or¨
   according to a system.
o  form into a regiment.

< Latin, cf. regimen
\regisseur
n. director.
\registrar
n.
o  a person who keeps official records.
o  an administrative official responsible for student¨
   records, enrolment procedure, etc., in a school,¨
   college, or university.
o  Brit. and N.Z. a hospital doctor senior to¨
   a houseman but junior to a consultant,¨
   specializing in either medicine (medical¨
   registrar) or surgery (surgical registrar).
o  chiefly U.S. a person employed by a company to¨
   maintain a register of its security issues.

registrarship n.
\regress
n. act of regressing.
\regret
[ri'gret] v. (-tt-)
\regrettable
adj. (of events or conduct) undesirable, unwelcome;¨
   deserving censure.

regrettably adv.
\regurgitate
v. to vomit forth (partially digested food).
\rehabilitate
v. restore to a proper condition.
\rehash
v. put (old material) into a new form without¨
   significant change or improvement.¨

n.
o  material rehashed.
o  rehashing.
\reify
v. to convert into or regard as a concrete thing.
\reinvest
v. invest again (esp. proceeds or interest).
\reiterate
v.
\rejoinder
n. what is said in reply;  retort.
\relapse
v. to revert to a former state.
\relation
n. the way in which one person or thing is related or¨
   connected to another.
\relationship
n. state or instance of being related.
\release
v.

< French relesser < Latin relaxo relax
\relegate
['religeit] v.
o  consign or dismiss to an inferior position.
o  transfer (a sports team) to a lower division of¨
   a league etc.
o  banish.

sp.
o  poslat do vyhnanstvÉ.
o  vylouĆit, propustit, degradovat.
o  odevzdat k vyŅÉzenÉ.
o  poslat (to k).

< Latin relego send away
\relent
v. relax severity, abandon a harsh intention, yield¨
   to compassion.

< medieval Latin lentus flexible
\relentless
adj. unrelenting, oppressively constant.

relentlessly adv.
\relinquish
v. to retire from;  leave;  abandon.
\relish
v. get pleasure out of;  enjoy greatly.
\rem

< roentgent equivalent in man
\reminiscence
n. remembering things past.

< Latin reminiscor remember
\remission
n.
o  reduction of a prison sentence on account of good¨
   behaviour.
o  remitting of a debt or penalty etc.
o  diminution of force, effect, or degree (esp. of¨
   disease or pain).
o  (often foll. by of) forgiveness (of sins etc.).
¨
< Latin, cf. remit
\remit
v. send (money etc.) in payment.
\remonstrate
v. to say or plead in protest, objection, or reproof.
\remove
n. degree of figurative distance or separation.

v.
o  take away, as by lifting, pushing, etc.
o  expel from a position or an office;  fire.
o  get rid of.
o  move out.
o  shift the position or location.
o  absent.
o  polish off.
\remunerate
v.
o  reward;  pay for services rendered.
o  serve as or provide recompense for (work etc.) or¨
   to (a person).

remuneration n.
remunerative adj.

< Latin munus -ner- gift
\renaissance
--> Renaissance
\Renaissance
[ri'neis%ns, US 'ren%,sa:ns] n.
o  revival of art and literature in the 14th-17th c.
o  period of this.
o  (often attrib.) style of art, architecture, etc.¨
   developed by it.
o  (renaissance) any similar revival.

< French naissance birth
\Renaissance man
n. man with many talents or pursuits, esp. in the¨
   humanities.
\renascence
n. rebirth.

pj. obrozenÉ (Czech National Renascence ćesk× nĮrodnɨ
   obrozenÉ).
\rend
v. tear or wrench forcibly.
\render
v. cause to be or become.

< Latin reddo give back
\rendezvous
n.
o  prearranged meeting.
o  prearranged meeting place.
o  popular gathering place.

v.
\rendition
n. interpretation or rendering of a dramatic role¨
   etc.
\renegade
['reni,geid] n. person who deserts a party or¨
   principles.

< medieval Latin, cf. renege
\renege
v. (often foll. by on) go back on (one's word etc.).

< Latin nego deny
\renown
n. fame, high distinction.

< French renomer make famous
\renowned
adj. famous, celebrated.
\rent
n. large tear in a garment etc.
\rep
n. representative, esp. a commercial traveller.
\repartee
n.
o  practice or skill of making witty retorts.
o  conversation characterised by such retorts.
¨
< French repartie < repartir reply promptly, cf. part
\repast
n. meal.
\repent
[ri'pent] v.
o  (often foll. by of) feel deep sorrow about one's¨
   actions etc.
o  (also absol.) wish one had not done;  resolve not¨
   to continue (a wrongdoing etc.).

repentance n.  repentant adj.

< Latin paeniteo
\repercussion
n.
o  an indirect effect produced by an event or action.
o  a reciprocal action.
o  a reflection, esp. of sound.

repercussive adj.
\repertory company
n. theatrical company that performs plays from¨
   a repertoire.
\rephrase
[ri:'freiz] vt. to phrase again, so as to express¨
   differently or more clearly.
\repine
[ri'pain] v. (often foll. by at, against) fret;  be¨
   discontented.

< pine, after repent
\replete
[ri'pli:t] adj.
o  well-fed, gorged.
o  filled or well-supplied.

repletion n.

< Latin pleo fill
\reprieve
v.
o  remit or postpone the execution of (a condemned¨
   person).
o  give respite to.

n.
a  reprieving or being reprieved.
b  warrant for this.
o  respite.

< repry < French reprendre -pris take back
\reprimand
(esp. official) rebuke.
\reprobate
['repr%,beit] n. unprincipled or immoral person.

< Latin, cf. prove
\repudiate
[ri'pju:di,eit] v.
o  disown, disavow, reject.
o  refuse dealing with.
o  deny.
o  refuse to recognise or obey (authority or¨
   a treaty).
o  refuse to discharge (an obligation or debt).

repudiation n.

Usage:  See note at refute.

< Latin repudium divorce
\repugnant
adj.
o  extremely distatestful.
o  contradictory.
\repute
[ri'pju:t] n. reputation.

v. (as reputed adj.)
o  be generally considered (is reputed to be the¨
   best).
o  passing as, but probably not (his reputed father).¨

reputedly adv.

< Latin puto think
\requisite
['rekwizit] adj. required by circumstances;¨
   necessary.

n. required thing.
\requite
[ri'kwait] v.
o  make return for (a service).
o  reward or avenge (a favour or injury).
o  (often foll. by for) make return to (a person).
o  repay with good or evil.

requital n.

< re- + quite = quit
\reread
[ri:'ri:d] v. read again.
\research
[ri's%:Ć] n.
\residual
adj. left as a residue or residuum.

n. residual quantity.
\resilient
adj.
o  resuming its original shape after compression etc.
o  readily recovering from a setback.

resilience n.

< Latin, cf. salient
\resin
n. adhesive substance secreted by some plants and¨
   trees.
\resoluble
[ri'zoljub(%)l] adj.
o  that can be resolved.
o  (foll. by into) analysable into.

< Latin, cf. "resolve"
\resolve
n. firm mental decision or intention; determination.
\resort
n.
o  place frequented esp. for holidays.
o  habitual or general going, as to a place or¨
   person.
\resource
n.
\respect
n. (in pl.) polite messages or attentions.
\respirator
n.
o  (also gas mask) a filtering device worn over the¨
   mouth and nose designed to prevent the inhalation¨
   of noxious substances.
o  artificial lung.

pj.
o  zaŅÉzenÉ, kter× dlouhodobÅ umoŚĪuje umÅl× dŁchĮnÉ.
o  protiprachovŁ nĮhubek, respirĮtor.
o  plynovĮ maska.
\respite
n.
o  interval of rest or relief.
o  delay permitted before the discharge of an¨
   obligation or the suffering of a penalty.

< Latin, cf. respect
\restart
v. start again.

n. act of restarting.
\r×sum×
['rezju,mei] n. summary.

< French, cf. "resume"
\resurrect
v.
o  colloq. revive the practice, use, or memory of.
o  raise or rise from the dead.

back-formation < resurrection
\resurrection
n. rising from the dead.
\resuscitate
v.
o  revive from unconsciousness or apparent death.
o  revive, restore.

resuscitation n.

< Latin suscito raise
\retell
v. (retell-retold-retold) tell again or differently.
\retention
n. a retaining or being retained.
\reticence
n.
o  avoidance of saying all one knows or feels, or¨
   more than is necessary.
o  disposition to silence;  taciturnity.

reticent adj. disinclined to speak out;  quiet.

< Latin reticeo keep silent
\retort
n. and v.
\retribution
n. requital;  vengeance.
\retroflex
adj. bent backward.
\retrospect
['retr%,spekt] n.

in retrospect when looking back.

< retro + prospect
\reveal
n.

revealer n.
\revel
['rev(%)l] v. (-ll-;  US -l-)
o  have a good time;  be extravagantly festive.
o  (foll. by in) take keen delight in.

n. (in sing. or pl.) revelling.

reveller n.  revelry n.

< Latin, cf. rebel
\revelation
n. revealing, esp. the supposed disclosure of¨
   knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural¨
   agency.
\revere
[ri'vi%(r)] v. hold in deep and usu. affectionate or¨
   religious respect.

< Latin vereor fear
\revert
v.
o  (foll. by to) return to a former state, practice,¨
   opinion, etc.
o  (of property, an office, etc.) return by¨
   reversion.

revertible adj. (in sense 2).
\revile
[ri'vail] v. abuse verbally.

< French, cf. vile
\revoke
v. rescind, withdraw or cancel.
\revolt
v. rise in rebellion.

< Italian
\revolve
v. turn round, esp. on its axis.
\revulsion
n.
o  a sudden, strong feeling of disgust or loathing.
o  intense aversion;  abhorrence.
o  a withdrawing or turning away from something.
\rhapsody
n. enthusiastic or extravagant speech or composition.
\rhetoric
n.
\rhetorical
adj. expressed artificially or extravagantly.
\rheum
[ru:m] n.
o  a thin discharge of the mucous membranes, esp.¨
   during cold.
o  catarrh;  cold.

rheumic adj.

< 1350-1400 Middle English reume < Late Latin rheuma¨
   < Greek rheuma current, stream, discharge = rheu-,¨
   s. of rhein to flow, stream + -ma n. suffix of¨
   result
\rhombus
[rombus] pj. kosoĆtverec.
\rhumb
n.
o  rhumb line.
o  point of the compass.

< 1570-80;  Spanish rumbo < Latin rhombus rhombus
\rhumb line
n. path of a ship that maintains a constant compass¨
   direction.

< 1660-70
\rib
n. wife (in allusion to the creation of Eve in Gen.¨
   2:21-2).

having one more rib beautiful (for the beautiful Eve¨
   was created from a rib).
\ribald
adj. coarsely or disrespectfully humorous;  obscene.

< French riber be licentious
\ribaldry
n. ribald talk or behaviour.
\rick
n. stack of hay etc.
\rickety
['rikiti] adj.
o  insecure, shaky.
o  suffering from rickets.

ricketiness adj.
\ricochet
v. to rebound from a surface.

ricochet n.
\ricotta
[ri'kout%] n. an Italian soft white unripened whey¨
   cheese that resembles cottage cheese.

pj. mÅkkŁ italskŁ sŁr pŅipomÉnajÉcÉ luĆinu a Śerv×.

< Italian fem. of pp. of ricuocere to cook again <¨
   Latin recoquere < re- + coquere to cook, cf. cook¨
   (1877)
\riddance
n. the act of getting rid of something undesirable.
\rider
n.
o  one who rides.
o  a clause added to a legislative bill.
o  an amendment or addition to a document or record.
\rife
adj.
o  widespread;  prevalent.
o  abounding;  full (rife with corruption).
\riffle
v. leaf quickly through pages.
\right
adj.

rightness n.
\rigmarole
['rigm%r%ul] n.
o  lengthy and complicated procedure.
o  rambling or meaningless talk or tale.

< originally ragman roll catalogue
\rigour
n. severity, harshness.
\rile anger, irritate.
\rill
n. small stream.
\rime
n. frost.
\ringworm
n. fungal skin infection causing circular inflamed¨
   patches.
\rink
n. hockey rink.
\riposte
[ri'poust] n.
o  quick retort.
o  quick return thrust in fencing.

v. deliver a reposte.

< Italian, cf. respond
\riscind
[ri'sind] v. to annul or repeal.

< Latin
\risible
adj. laughable, ludicrous.
\risotto
n. rice cooked with broth and sprinkled with grated¨
   cheese;  Italian rice.
\rivalry
n. being rivals;  competition.
\riven
adj. literary split, torn.

< past part. of rive < Old Norse
\riverside
n. ground along a river-bank.
\rivet
n. nail or bolt for joining metal plates etc., with¨
   the headless end beaten out when in place.

v. (-t-)
o  join or fasten with rivets.
o  beat out or press down the end of (a nail or¨
   bolt).
o  fix, make immovable.
o  (foll. by on, upon) direct intently (one's eyes or¨
   attention etc.).
o  (esp. as riveting adj.) engross (a person or the¨
   attention).

pj. nŁt(ek), hŅeb, skoba.

< French river fasten
\rivulet
n. small stream.
\roach
n. cockroach.
\road
n. (pl.) piece of water near the shore in which ships¨
   can ride at anchor.
\roan
[roun] adj. (of esp. a horse) having a coat thickly¨
   interspersed with hairs of another colour.

n. roan animal.

pŅj. groÓovanŁ.

pj.
o  groÓovanŁ kŹĪ.
o  safiĮn.

< French
\roast
n. roast meat.
\robot
n.

< Czech
\robust
[r%'bast] adj. strong and sturdy, esp. in physique or¨
   construction.

< Latin robur strength
\rock-crystal
n. transparent colourless quartz.
\rocker
n.
o  curved bar etc. on which something can rock.
o  rocking-chair.
o  devotee of rock music, esp. a leather-clad motor¨
   cyclist.
o  device for rocking.
o  pivoted switch operating between on and off¨
   positions.

off one's rocker slang crazy.
\rod
n.
o  slender straight cylindrical bar or stick.
o  cane for flogging.
o  (prec. by the) use of this.
o  = fishing-rod.
o  hist. (as a measure) perch or square perch (cf.¨
   perch).

make a rod for one s own back make trouble for¨
   oneself.

< Old English
\roe
n. the eggs of a fish, often with the membranes in¨
   which they are held.
\roentgen
n. (also rĶntgen) unit of ionising radiation.

< RĶntgen, name of a physicist
\roister
v. (esp. as roistering adj.) revel noisily;  be¨
   uproarious.

roisterer n.

< Latin, cf. rustic
\romance
[rou'mans] n.
o  idealized, poetic, or unworldly atmosphere or¨
   tendency.
o  (Romance) (often attrib.) languages descended from¨
   Latin.
o  love affair.

Usage:  The alternative pronunciation given for the¨
   noun, with the stress on the first syllable, is¨
   considered incorrect by some people.

< Latin Romanicus
\rood
[ru:d] n.
o  crucifix, esp. one raised on a rood-screen.
o  quarter of an acre.

< Old English
\rood-screen
n. carved screen separating nave and chancel.
\rook
[ruk] n. chess piece with a battlement-shaped top.

pj. havran polnÉ.
\roommate
n. a person with whom one shares a room or lodging.
\roseate
adj.
o  rose-coloured.
o  cheerful;  optimistic;  rosy.
\rosemary
['r%uzm%ri] n. (pl. -maries) an aromatic European¨
   shrub, RosmarÉnus officinalis, widely cultivated¨
   for its grey-green evergreen leaves, which are¨
   used in cookery for flavouring and yield¨
   a fragrant oil used in the manufacture of¨
   perfumes:  family Labiatae (labiates).  It is the¨
   traditional flower of remembrance.

< earlier rosmarine < Latin rĻs dew + marÉnus marine;¨
   modern form influenced by folk etymology, as if¨
   rose + Mary
\roster
n.
o  a list of names.
o  a list of the members of a group, esp. of military¨
   officers and enlisted personnel enrolled for¨
   active duty.
\rote
n. mechanical or habitual repetition.
\rotter
n. nasty or contemptible person.
\rou×
n. (esp. elderly) debauchee.
\rouge
n. red cosmetic for colouring the cheeks.

< Latin rubeus red
\roulette
n. gambling game in which a ball is dropped on to¨
   a revolving numbered wheel.

< French, = little wheel
\rout
rout1 n.
o  disorderly retreat of defeated troops (put them to¨
   rout).
o  overthrow, defeat.
o  archaic a company or band of people.

v. put to flight, defeat.

< French, cf. route

rout2 v. = root.

< var. of root
\Routledge
n. the name of a British publisher.
\rove
rove1 v.
o  wander without settling;  roam, ramble.
o  (of eyes) look about.

< probably Scandinavian

rove2 past of reeve.
\row
n. colloq.
o  loud noise or commotion.
o  fierce quarrel or dispute.
o  severe reprimand.

v. propel a boat with oars.
\rowdy
adj. noisy and disorderly.
\RP
abbr. received pronunciation.
\RRB
abbr. Real Return Bond.
\RSVP
abbr. r×pondez s'il vous plai^t please reply (used on¨
   invitation to indicate that the favour of a reply¨
   is requested).

1895-1900 < French
\rub
v. (-bb-) move something, esp. one's hand, with firm¨
   pressure over the surface of.

n. impediment or difficulty (there's the rub).

rub elbows or shoulders with associate or mingle¨
   with.
\rubbish
n.
o  waste material;  refuse, litter.
o  worthless material;  trash.
o  (often as int.) nonsense.

v. colloq. criticise contemptuously.

rubbishy adj.

< Anglo-French rubbous
\rubric
['ru:brik] n. heading.

< Latin ruber red
\ruck
v. make or become creased or wrinkled.
\rudiment
n. imperfect beginning of something undeveloped or¨
   yet to develop.

rudimentary adj.
\rue
rue1 v. (rues, rued, rueing or ruing) repent of; wish¨
   to be undone or nonexistent (esp. rue the day).¨

< Old English

rue2 n. evergreen shrub with bitter strong-scented¨
   leaves.

pj. rostl. zast. routa.

< Greek rhut×
\rueful
adj. genuinely or humorously sorrowful.

ruefully adv.
ruefulness n.

< rue
\rugged
adj. rough, uneven.
\rule
< Latin regula
\runners
n. obuv na bÅhĮnÉ, kopaĆky.
\ruminate
v.
o  mediate, ponder.
o  chew the cud.
\rummy
rummy1 ['rami] n. (also rum) a card game based on¨
   collecting sets and sequences.

rummy2
n.
o  another word for rum.
o  N.Amer. a slang word for drunkard.

adj. of or like rum in taste or smell.
\rump
n. the hind part of a mammal or bird, esp. the¨
   buttocks.
\rumple
v. crease, ruffle.
\rupture
['raptĆ(%)r] n.
o  breaking;  breach.
o  breach in a relationship;  disagreement and¨
   parting.
o  abdominal hernia.

v.
o  burst (a cell or membrane etc.).
o  sever (a connection).
o  affect with or suffer a hernia.

< Latin rumpo rupt- break
\ruse
[ru:z] n. an action or device intended to confuse or¨
   mislead;  stratagem, trick, deception.

< French
\rush
n. papyrus.
\rustic
adj.
o  typical of country life.
o  unsophisticated;  simple.
o  made of rough tree branches (rustic furniture).

n.
o  a rural person.
o  a rough, crude, or simple person.

rustically adv.  rusticity n.
\rustle
v. make a gentle sound as of dry blown leaves.
\rut
n. deep track made by the passage of wheels.
\ruth
[ru:0] n.
o  pity or compassion.
o  sorrow or grief.
o  self-reproach;  remorse.
\sabaton
n. a piece of armour protecting the foot.
\sabbath
n. religious day of rest;  it is the Saturday for¨
   Jews and the Sunday for Christians.
\sable
pj. sobol.
\sabre
n. curved cavalry sword.
\sack
sack1 n.
o  large strong bag for storage or conveyance.
o  quantity contained in a sack.
o  (prec. by the) colloq. dismissal from employment.
o  (prec. by the) US slang bed.

v.
o  put into a sack or sacks.
o  colloq. dismiss from employment.

< Latin saccus

sack2 v. plunder and destroy (a captured town etc.).

n. such sacking.

< French mettre sac put in a sack

sack3 n. hist. white wine from Spain and the¨
   Canaries.
¨
< French vin sec dry wine
\sackcloth
n. clothing for penance or mourning.
\sacralise
v. make sacred;  imbue with sacred character.
¨
sacralisation n.

< 1930-5
\sacrament
n. symbolic Christian ceremony, e.g. baptism and¨
   Eucharist.
\sacristan
n. person in charge of a sacristy and church¨
   contents.
\sacrosanct
adj. most sacred;  inviolable.
\saddle
['s&d(%)l] v. (foll. by with) burden (a person) with¨
   a task etc.

< Old English
\sadism
['seidiz(%)m] n. sexual perversion characterized by¨
   the enjoyment of cruelty to others.
\sag
v. sink or subside, esp. unevenly.
\sagacious
adj.
o  showing insight and good judgement.
o  wise.
\sagacity
n. wisdom, cf. sagacious.
\sagittal
adj.
o  of or pertaining to the suture between the¨
   parietal bones at the roof of the skull.
o  from front to back in the body s median plane or¨
   in a plane parallel to the median.

sagittally adv.
\saggy
adj. --> sag
\sailboard
['seil-] n. the craft used for windsurfing,¨
   consisting of a moulded board like a surfboard, to¨
   which a mast bearing a single sail is attached by¨
   a swivel joint.
\sailing-boat
n. (also sailing-ship) vessel driven by sails.
\sake
n.

for the sake of with a consideration to.
\salaam
n. (chiefly as a Muslim greeting) Peace.

< Arabic
\saleable
adj. fit or likely to be sold.
\salience
n. the quality of being salient.
\salient
['seilij%nt] adj.
o  prominent, conspicuous.
o  (of an angle, esp. in fortification) pointing¨
   outwards.

n. salient angle or part of a fortification;  outward¨
   bulge in a military line.

< Latin salio leap
\sallow
sallow1 ['s&l%u] adj. (esp. of the skin) yellowish.

< Old English

sallow2
['s&l%u] n.
o  low-growing willow.
o  a shoot or the wood of this.

< Old English
\sally
['s&li] n.
o  sudden military charge;  sortie.
o  excursion.
o  witticism.

v.
o  (usu. foll. by out, forth) set out on a walk,¨
   journey, etc.
o  (usu. foll. by out) make a military sally.

< French saillie < Latin salio leap
\salt
n.

with a grain of salt with scepticism.
\saltpetre
['solt,pi:t%(r),  so:lt-] n. (US saltpeter) white¨
   crystalline salty substance used in preserving¨
   meat and in gunpowder.

pj. sŹl kamennĮ.

< Latin sal petrae, = salt of rock
\salutary
adj.
o  beneficial.
o  promoting or intended to promote health.

< Latin salus health
\salvage
n. rescue of property from the sea, a fire, etc.
\salve
salve1 n.
o  healing ointment.
o  (often foll. by for) thing that soothes or¨
   consoles.

v. soothe.

< Old English

salve2 v. save from wreck or fire etc.

salvable adj.

back-formation < salvage
\salvo
n. a simultaneous discharge of firearms.
\SAM
surface-to-air-missile.
\sanction
n.
o  approval by custom or tradition;  express¨
   permission.
o  confirmation of a law etc.
o  penalty for disobeying a law or rule, or a reward¨
   for obeying it.
o  ethics moral force encouraging obedience to any¨
   rule of conduct.
o  (esp. in pl.) (esp. economic) action by a State¨
   against another to abide by an international¨
   agreement etc.

v.
o  authorise or agree to (an action etc.).
o  ratify;  make (a law etc.) binding.

< Latin sancio sanct- make sacred
\sand-stone
pj. pÉskovec.
\sang-froid
[sa:'frwa:] n. calmness in danger or difficulty.

< French, = cold blood
\sanguinary
['s&@gwin%ri] adj.
o  bloody.
o  bloodthirsty.

< Latin sanguis -guin- blood
\sanguine
['s&@gwin] adj.
o  optimistic, confident, cheerful.
o  (of the complexion) florid, ruddy.
o  blood-red.
o  obsolete sanguinary.

< Latin sanguis blood
\sans
without.

< French
\sans-serif
n. form of type without serifs.
\sap
n. tunnel or trench dug to get nearer to the enemy.
\sapling
[s&pli@] n.
o  a young tree.
o  literary a youth.
\sarcasm
['sa:k&z(%)m] n. ironically scornful language.
\sarcophagus
n. stone coffin.
\sardonic
[sa:'donik] adj. bitterly mocking or cynical.

< Greek
\sartorial
adj. of men's clothes or tailoring.

sartorially adv.

< Latin sartor tailor
\sash
sash1 n. a broad band worn round the waist or over¨
   the shoulder.

sash2 n. a frame in which the panes of a window or¨
   door are set.

pj. rĮm (okennÉ).
\sassy
adj. esp. US colloq. impudent, cheeky.

< var. of saucy
\Satan
['seit(%)n] n. the Devil;  Lucifer.

< Hebrew, = enemy
\satanic
[s%'t&nik] adj. of or like Satan;  hellish;  evil.
\satchel
n. small shoulder-bag for carrying school-books etc.

< Latin
\sate
v. gratify fully.
\satiate
s. nasytit, uspokojit.
\satiety
n. being sated.

< Latin, cf. satiate
\satin
n. silk etc. fabric glossy on one side.
\satrap
n. ruler of ancient Persia.
\saturnalia
n. (pl. same or -s)
o  (usu. Saturnalia) Rom. hist. festival of Saturn in¨
   December, the predecessor of Christmas.
o  (as sing. or pl.) scene of wild revelry.

< Latin pl. of Saturnus a Roman god
\saucer
n. shallow circular dish for standing a cup on.
\saucy
adj. impudent, cheeky.

saucily adv.  sauciness n.
\sauerkraut
n. German dish of pickled cabbage.
\saunter
['so:nt%] n.
o  a leisurely pace or walk.
o  a leisurely old-time dance.

vi. to walk in a casual manner;  stroll.

saunterer n.

< "to wander aimlessly" < "to muse" (of obscure¨
   origin)
\saut×
v. to fry lightly in fat.

saut×ed adj.
\savant
n. (fem. savante) learned person.

< French
\savour
n. (US savor)
o  characteristic taste, flavour, etc.
o  hint of a different quality etc. in something.
¨
v.
o  appreciate and enjoy (food, an experience, etc.).
o  (foll. by of) imply or suggest (a specified¨
   quality).

< Latin sapor
\saw
n. proverb;  maxim.
\sawhorse
pj. koza (na ŅezĮnÉ dŅeva).
\sawyer
n. person who saws timber, esp. for a living.
\sc.
abbr. scilicet.
\scab
[sk&b] n. crust over a healing cut, sore, etc.
\scabbard
['sk&b%d] n. hist. sheath of a sword etc.

< Anglo-French
\scaffold
n. platform for the execution of criminals.
\scaffolding
n. temporary structure of poles, boards etc. that¨
   supports workers on a building.
\scalar
['skeil%(r)] adj. Math. and Physics (of a quantity)¨
   having only magnitude, not direction.

n. scalar quantity.

< Latin, cf. "scale"
\scallop
(also scollop) n.
o  edible mollusc with two fan-shaped ridged shells.
o  ornamental edging of semicircular curves.
\scamp
n. colloq. rascal;  rogue.

< probably Dutch
\scamper
v. run and skip.
\scan
s. snÉmat, skenovat (scanned pictures nasnÉmanר
   obrĮzky).

scanning pj. snÉmkovĮnÉ.
\scandal
n.

< Greek skandalon, = snare
\scant
adj. barely sufficient;  deficient.

< Old Norse
\scanty
adj. of small extent or amount.
\scapegoat
['skeipg%ut] n. person blamed for others'¨
   shortcomings (with reference to Lev. 16).

< obsolete scape escape
\scapegrace
n. persistent rascal.

< 1800-10
\scarecrow
n.
o  human figure dressed in old clothes and set up in¨
   a field to scare birds away.
o  colloq. badly-dressed, grotesque-looking, or very¨
   thin person.
\scare quote
n. colloq. (usu. in pl.) quotation mark.
\scarlet
['ska:lit] adj. of brilliant red colour tinged with¨
   orange.

n.
o  scarlet colour or pigment.
o  scarlet clothes or material (dressed in scarlet).

pj.  ĆerveĪ, nach.

< French escarlate
\scathing
adj.
o  witheringly scornful.
o  extremely severe or harsh.

scathingly adv.

< Old English
\scatterbrain
n. person lacking concentration.
\sceptre
['sept%(r)] n. (US scepter) staff as a symbol of¨
   sovereignty.

pj. Śezlo.

< Greek sk×ptĻ lean on
\schema
['ski:m%] n. (pl. schemata) synopsis, outline, or¨
   diagram.

< Greek skhema -at- form, figure
\schizoid
adj. tending to schizophrenia, but usu. without¨
   delusions.
\schnapps
n. any of various spirits drunk in Northern Europe.

< German
\scholium
n. explanatory note.
\school
v. (-l-)
\schoolwork
n.
\sciatica
n. neuralgia of the hip and leg.

< Latin, cf. "sciatic"
\scientism
n.
o  the application of, or belief in, the scientific¨
   method.
o  the uncritical application of scientific or¨
   quasi-scientific methods to inappropriate fields¨
   of study or investigation.

scientistic adj.
\Scientology
n. system of religious philosophy based on¨
   self-improvement and graded courses of study and¨
   training.

Scientologist n. and adj.

< Latin scientia knowledge
\scilicet
adv. that is to say (used esp. in explanation of an¨
   ambiguity).

< Latin
\scimitar
n. long curved oriental sword.
\scintilation
n. sparkling, twinkling.
\scion
['sai%n] n.
o  a shoot of a plant etc., esp. one cut for grafting¨
   or planting.
o  a descendant;  a younger member of (esp. a noble)¨
   family.

< French
\scission
['siŚ%n] n. cutting, dividing, or splitting;¨
   division;  separation.
\sclerosis
n.
o  abnormal hardening of body tissue.
o  (in full multiple or disseminated sclerosis)¨
   serious progressive disease of the nervous system.
¨
sclerotic adj.

< Greek skl×ros hard
\sconce
n. wall-bracket for a candle-stick or light-fitting.

< Latin (ab)sconsa covered (light)
\scorch
n. burn or discolour the surface of with dry heat.
\score
n.
o  number of points, goals, runs, etc., made by¨
   a player or side in some games.
o  respective numbers of points etc. at the end of¨
   a game (score was five-nil).
o  act of gaining esp. a goal.
o  (pl. same or -s) twenty or a set of twenty.
o  (in pl.) a great many (scores of people).
o  reason or motive (rejected on that score).
o  Mus. a copy of a composition showing all the vocal¨
   and instrumental parts arranged one below the¨
   other.
o  music for a film or play, esp. for a musical.
o  notch, line, etc. cut or scratched into a surface.
o  record of money owing.

v.
o  win or gain (a goal, points, success, etc.).
o  count for (points in a game etc.) (a boundary¨
   scores six).
o  make a score in a game (failed to score).
o  keep score in a game.
o  mark with notches etc.
o  have an advantage (that is where he scores).
o  Mus. (often foll. by for) orchestrate or arrange¨
   (a piece of music).
o  slang obtain drugs illegally.
o  make a sexual conquest.

keep score (or the score) register scores as they are¨
   made.
know the score colloq. be aware of the essential¨
   facts.
on that score so far as that is concerned.
score off (or score points off) colloq. humiliate,¨
   esp. verbally.
score out delete.

scorer n.

< Old Norse, cf. shear
\Scottish
(also Scotch)

adj. of Scotland or its inhabitants.

n. (prec. by the;  treated as pl.) people of¨
   Scotland.
\scour
scour1 v.
o  cleanse by rubbing.
o  (usu. foll. by away, off, etc.) clear (rust,¨
   stains, etc.) by rubbing etc.
o  clear out (a pipe, channel, etc.) by flushing¨
   through.

n. scouring or being scoured.

scourer n.

< French escurer

scour2 v. search thoroughly, esp. by scanning¨
   (scoured the streets for him;  scoured the¨
   newspaper).

< origin unknown
\scourge
[sk%:dŚ] n.
o  person or thing seen as causing suffering.
o  whip.

v.
o  whip.
o  punish, oppress.

< Latin corrigia whip
\scout
v. (often foll. by for) go about searching for¨
   information etc.
\scowl
n. severe frowning or sullen expression.
\scrape
n. colloq. predicament caused by rashness etc.

< Old Norse
\scree
n. small loose stones.
\screech
n. harsh piercing scream.

< imitative
\scribe
n. ancient or medieval copyist of manuscripts.
\scrip
scrip1 n.
o  a written certificate, list, etc.
o  a small scrap, esp. of paper with writing on it.
o  finance a certificate representing a claim to part¨
   of a share of stock.
o  finance the stock shares allocated in a bonus¨
   issue.

< in some senses, probably from script;  otherwise,¨
   short for subscription receipt

scrip2 n. archaic a small bag or wallet, as carried¨
   by pilgrims.

< Old French escreppe, variant of escarpe scarf
\scrofula
n. swellings of the lymphatic glands;  king's evil.
\scrunch
v.
o  to crush or squeeze.
o  to hunch.
o  to make a crunching sound.
\scruple
n.
o  moral concern.
o  doubt caused by this.
\scrupulous
adj.
o  conscientious, thorough.
o  careful to avoid doing wrong.
o  punctilious;  overattentive to details.

scrupulously adv.

< Latin, cf. scruple
\scullery
n. a room adjoining a kitchen for washing dishes or¨
   other chores.
\scum
n. layer of dirt, froth etc. at the top of a liquid.
\scurrilous
adj. grossly or indecently abusive.

scurrility n.
scurrilously adv.
scurrilousness n.

< Latin scurra buffoon
\scurry
v. run or move hurriedly, esp. with short quick¨
   steps;  scamper.
\scutter
v. scurry.
\scuttle
v. scurry;  flee from danger etc.
\scythe
[sai$] n. mowing and reaping implement with a long¨
   handle and a curved blade swung over the ground.

v.  cut with a scythe.

pj. kosa.

< Old English
\sea elephant
n. elephant seal.
\seal
n. something that keeps a thing secret.
\seamy
['si:mi] adj.
o  showing the least pleasant aspect;  sordid.
o  (esp. of the inner side of a garment) showing many¨
   seams.

seaminess n.
\seance
n. meeting at which a spiritualist attempts to make¨
   a contact with the dead.

< French
\sear
v.
o  to scorch, cauterise.
o  cause anguish to.
o  brown (meat) quickly at a high temperature to¨
   retain its juices in cooking.

< Old English
\seashore
n. land next to the sea.
\seat-belt
n. belt securing motor vehicle or aircraft¨
   passengers.
\seaweed
pj. chaluha.
\secession
n. formal withdrawal from an organization.
\second
n. assistant to a duellist, boxer, etc.
\second cousin
n. son or daughter of one's parent's cousin.
\secrete
[si'kri:t] v. (of a cell, organ, etc.) produce and¨
   discharge (a substance).
\sectarian
n.
o  a member of sect.
o  one characterised by narrow-mindedness.
\sedge
n. waterside or marsh plant resembling coarse grass.
¨
sedgy adj.

< Old English
\sedition
n.
o  conduct or language inciting to rebellion.
o  archaic revolt, insurrection.
¨
seditious adj.

< Latin seditio
\seditious
adj. from "sedition".
\see
[si:] n. an area under the authority of a bishop or¨
   archbishop.
\seedy
adj.
o  shabby or unseemly in appearance (seedy clothes).
o  informal sickly.
\seek
['si:k] (seek-sought-sought) v.
o  search for.
o  try to reach or obtain (fame etc.).
o  attempt.

seeker n.
\seemly
adj. in good taste;  decorous.

seemliness n.

< Old Norse, cf. "seem"
\seep
v. percolate.
\seer
n.
o  person who sees.
o  prophet;  visionary.
\see-saw
['si:so:]
n.
o  a long plank balanced on a central support, for¨
   children to sit on at each end and move up and¨
   down alternately.
o  this game.
o  up-and-down or to-and-fro motion.
\seethe
[si:$] v.
o  boil, bubble over.
o  be very angry, resentful, etc.

< Old English
\seine
n. fishing net with floats at the top and weights at¨
   the bottom.
\seismic
adj. of earthquakes.

< Greek
\select
adj. chosen for excellence or suitability.

< Latin seligo -lect-
\self-centred
pŅj. sebestŅednŁ.

pj. sebestŅednost.
\self-congratulation
n.
\self-conscious
adj. conscious of oneself or one s own being.
\self-deception
pj. sebeobelhĮvĮnÉ.
\self-deprecation
n. belittling of oneself.
\self-esteem
n. good opinion of oneself.
\selfless
['selflis] adj. having little concern for one's own¨
   interests.

selflessly adv.
selflessness n.
\selfsame
adj. very same, identical.
\semanteme
n. one of the minimal elements of lexical meaning in¨
   language.
\semantics
n. branch of linguistics concerned with meaning.
¨
< Greek
\semblance
n. outward appearance.
\semester
[si'mest%] n.
o  chiefly N.A., either of two divisions of the¨
   academic year, ranging from 15 to 18 weeks.
o  (in German universities) a session of six months.

semestral adj.

< German < Latin s×mestris half-yearly < sex six +¨
   mensis a month
\semi-
prefix half;  partly.
\seminal
['semin(%)l] adj.
o  of seed, semen, or reproduction;  germinal.
o  foundational (seminal work in logic).
\seminar
['semi,na:(r)] n.
\semiology
n. the study of signs and symbols;  semiotics.
\semiotics
n. the study of signs and symbols, esp. how these are¨
   used in literature, for example, the semiotic¨
   reading of The Bible would emphasize the symbolic¨
   meaning of the OT, Christ's actions etc.
\sempiternal
adj. everlasting;  eternal.

< Latin semper
\sendal
n.
o  a silk fabric in use during the Middle Ages.
o  a garment made of this.

< 1175-1225;  Middle English cendal < Old French,¨
   probably through dissimilation < Greek sindĻn fine¨
   linen
\send up
v.
\sensation
n.
\sense
[sens] n.
\sensibility
pj. vnÉmavost.
\sensorium
n. a part of the brain or the brain itself regarded¨
   as the seat of sensation.
\sensuous
['sensju%s] adj.
o  of or affecting the senses, esp. aesthetically.
o  pertaining to sensible objects;  sensory.

sensuously adv.
sensuousness n.

Usage:  See a note at sensual.

< Latin, cf. sense
\sententious
adj. aphoristic;  moralising.
\sentient
['senÓ(%)nt] adj. capable of perception and feeling.

sentience n.
sentiency n.
sentiently adv.

< Latin sentio feel
\sentinel
n. sentry or lookout.
\sept
n. clan, esp. in Ireland.
\sepulchre
n. tomb cut in stone, or made of stone or bricks.
\sepulture
n. burying, interment.
\sequel
n. anything that follows from something else;¨
   development.
\sequester
v.
o  (esp. as sequestered adj.) seclude, isolate.
o  = sequestrate.

< Latin sequester trustee
\seraglio
n. harem.
\seraph
n. angelic being of the highest order of the¨
   celestial hierarchy.
\sere
sere1 adj. dry;  withered.

< bef. 900;  Middle English seer(e), Old English¨
   s×ar, c. Middle Low German sĻr;  cf. sear

sere2 n. a stage in an ecological succession of plant¨
   communities.

1915-20;  extracted from series or < Latin serere to¨
   join in a series
\serendipity
n. the faculty of making valuable dicoveries by¨
   accident.

serendipitous adj.
\serene
adj. clear and calm.

< Latin
\serge
n. durable twilled worsted etc. fabric.

< French sarge, serge
\seriatim
[si:ri'eitim] adv. in a series;  one after another.
\serif
n. slight projection at the extremities of a printed¨
   letter (as in T contrasted with O);  sans-serif.
\serried
adj. (of ranks of soldiers etc.) close together.¨

< French serrer to close
\server
pj. poĆÉtaĆe obsluhujÉcÉ poĆÉtaĆ (OP), server.
\set
(set-set-set) v.
\set-back
n. reversal or arrest of progress;  relapse.
\settee
n. = sofa.

< origin uncertain
\setter
n. dog of a long-haired breed trained to stand rigid¨
   when scenting game.
\sever
v. divide, break, or make separate, esp. by cutting¨
   (severed artery).

< Anglo-French severer < Latin separo
\severance
n.
o  act of severing.
o  severed state.
\sex
n.

Synonym:  procreation.
\sexology
n. the study of sexual relationships or practices.

sexologist n.
sexological adj.
\shabby
adj.
o  faded and worn, dingy, dilapidated.
o  contemptible (a shabby trick).

shabbily adv.
shabbiness n.

< scab
\shackle
n.
o  metal loop or link, closed by a bolt, used to¨
   connect chains etc.
o  fetter for the ankle or wrist.
o  (usu. in pl.) restraint, impediment.

v. fetter, impede, restrain.

pj. pouta, okovy.

< Old English
\shaft
[Óa:ft] n.
o  narrow usu. vertical space, for access to a mine,¨
   or (in a building) for a lift, ventilation, etc.
o  (foll. by of)
a  ray (of light).
b  bolt (of lightning).
o  stem or handle of a tool etc.
o  long narrow part supporting, connecting, or¨
   driving thicker part(s) etc.
a  archaic arrow, spear.
b  its long slender stem.
o  hurtful or provocative remark (shafts of wit).
o  each of the pair of poles between which a horse is¨
   harnessed to a vehicle.
o  central stem of a feather.
o  column, esp. between the base and capital.

pj.
o  Óachta.
o  osa, hŅÉdel.

< Old English
\shaggy
adj.
o  having long, rough hair or wool.
o  bushy or matted.
o  poorly groomed.
\Shakespearian
adj. (also Shakespearean) of Shakespeare.
\shallow
adj.

shallowness n. lack of depth, superficiality.
\sham
v. (-mm-)
o  feign, pretend.
o  pretend to be.

n.
o  imposture, pretence.
o  bogus or false person or thing.

adj. pretended, counterfeit.

< origin unknown
\shamble
v. walk or run awkwardly, dragging the feet.
\shamrock
n. trefoil, used as an emblem of Ireland.

< Irish
\shank
n.
o  leg.
o  lower part of the leg.
o  shin-bone.
o  shaft or stem, esp. the part of a tool etc.¨
   joining the handle to the working end.

< Old English
\shanty town
n. an area with makeshift housing.
\sheaf
n. bundle of things laid together lengthways and usu.¨
   tied, esp. papers, corn etc.
\sheen
n. glistening brightness;  shininess.
\sheer
adj.
o  mere, complete (sheer luck).
o  perpendicular.
\shekel
n. the chief monetary unit of Israel.
\shewbread
n. Judaism  (also showbread) the bread placed every¨
   Sabbath in the holy of holies of the tabernacle¨
   and the Temple as an offering by the priests to¨
   God.
\shibboleth
n. long-standing doctrine etc. held to be true by¨
   a party or sect.
\shimmer
v. shine tremulously or faintly.
\shindy
['Óindi] n. colloq.
o  brawl, disturbance, or noise
o  = shindig.

< perhaps an alteration of shinty
\shipwreck
n.
o  destruction of a ship by a storm, foundering, etc.
o  ship so destroyed.
o  (often foll. by of) ruin of hopes, dreams, etc.

v.
o  inflict shipwreck on.
o  suffer shipwreck.
\shirk
v. (also absol.) avoid (duty, work etc.).

shirker n.

< German Schurke scoundrel
\shoal
n. multitude, esp. of fish swimming together.
\shod
p. and pp. of shoe.
\shoddy
adj. poorly made.
\short-term
adj.
o  of, for, or extending over a limited period.
o  finance extending over, maturing within, or¨
   required within a short period of time, usually¨
   twelve months (short-term credit;  short-term¨
   capital).
\shrew
n.
o  small mouselike long-nosed mammal.
o  bad-tempered or scolding woman.

shrewish adj. (in sense 2)

pj. rejsek.

< Old English
\shrewd
adj. astute;  clever.
\shriek
n. shrill scream or sound.
\shrive
v. (shrive-shrove-shriven) RC Church archaic
o  (of a priest) hear and absolve (a penitent).
o  (refl.) submit oneself to a priest for confession¨
   etc.

< Old English scrÉfan impose as penance
\shrivel
v. contract into a wrinkled or dried-up state.
\shroud
v. clothe (a body) for a burial.

n. thing that conceals.
\Shrovetide
n. of the time immediately preceding Lent.
\Shrove Tuesday
n. the day before Ash Wednesday.
\shudder
v. shiver, esp. convulsively from cold, fear etc.
\shun
v. avoid; keeep clear of.
\sibling
n. one of two or more persons having the same¨
   parents.
\Sibyl
n. pagan prophetess.
\sickle
n. a short-handled tool with a semicircular blade,¨
   used for reaping etc.

< Old English
\sidereal
adj. of the constellations or fixed stars.

< Latin sidus sider- star
\sidestep
n. a step to the side.

v. (-pp-)
o  avoid by stepping sideways.
o  evade.
\sidle
v. (usu. foll. by up, along) walk timidly or¨
   furtively.
\sieve
['siv, si:v] n. meshed utensil for separating coarse¨
   particles from liquids or fine particles.

pj. sÉto.
\sight
[sait] n.
o  faculty of seeing.
o  act of seeing or being seen.
o  thing seen.
o  opinion (in my sight).
o  range of vision (out of sight).
o  (usu. in pl.) noteworthy features of a town etc.
o  a device on a gun, telescope, etc., for assisting¨
   aim or observation.
o  aim or observation so gained.
o  colloq. unsightly person or thing (looked at¨
   sight).
o  colloq. great deal (a sight too clever).
o  get sight of, observe the presence of (they¨
   sighted land).
o  aim (a gun etc.) with a sight.

at first sight on first glimpse or impression.
at (or on) sight as soon as a person or a thing has¨
   been seen.
catch (or lose) sight of begin (or cease) to see or¨
   be aware of.
in sight
o  visible.
o  near at hand.
set one's sights on aim at.

< Old English, cf. see
\sigla
n. pl. of siglum.
\siglum
n. (pl. sigla) sign.

< Latin deminutive of signum sign
\signal
adj.
o  employed or used in signalling.
o  conspicuous, distinguished, outstanding (signal¨
   achievement, student of signal promise).

< Latin signale
\signet
n. small seal.
\silent letters
n. letters that are never pronounced, e.g. p in¨
   psychology.
\silica
n. silicon dioxide, occurring as quartz etc.
\sill
n. a slab of stone, wood or metal at the foot of¨
   a window or doorway that holds up the upright part¨
   of the frame.

< Old English
\silo
n.
o  a pit or airtight barn etc. in which green crops¨
   are kept for fodder.
o  a pit or tower for storing grain, cement etc.
o  an underground storage chamber for a guided¨
   missile.

< Spanish < Latin
\silt
pj.
o  usazenina.
o  nĮplava.
o  bahno.
\silver screen
n.
o  the film industry.
o  a white or silvered surface where pictures can be¨
   projected for viewing.
\simper
v. smile in a silly or affected way.
\simpleton
n. gullible or halfwitted person.
\simpliciter
\simulacrum
[simju'leikr%m] n. (pl. simulacra)
o  a slight, unreal or superficial likeness or¨
   semblance.
o  an effigy;  image;  representation.

1590-1600;  < Latin simulĮcrum likeness, image =¨
   simulĮ(re) to simulate (cf. simulate) + -crum¨
   instrumental suffix
\simultaneous
adj.
\sinecure
n. profitable or prestigious position requiring¨
   little or no work.

< Latin sine cura without care
\sinew
n.
o  tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone;¨
   a tendon.
o  (in pl.) muscles;  bodily strength.
o  (in pl.) strength or framework of a thing.¨

sinewy adj.

< Old English
\singe
n. superficial burn.
\sinister
adj. evil, villainous.

< Latin, = left
\sinology
n. the study of Chinese culture.
\sinus
n.
o  a depression or cavity formed by a bending or¨
   curving.
o  any of various air-filled cavities in the bones of¨
   the skull, esp. one that connects with the¨
   nostrils.

pj.
o  zĮhyb, zĮliv, sinus.
o  dutina.
o  pÉÓtÅl.
\siphon
['saif%n] n. (also syphon)
o  a tube placed with one end at a certain level in¨
   a vessel of liquid and the other end outside the¨
   vessel below this level, so that atmospheric¨
   pressure forces the liquid through the tube and¨
   out of the vessel.
o  soda siphon.
o  Zoology any of various tubular organs in different¨
   aquatic animals, such as molluscs and elasmobranch¨
   fishes, through which a fluid, esp. water, passes.
o  (often foll. by off) to pass or draw off through¨
   or as if through a siphon.

siphonage n.
siphonal or siphonic adj.

< Latin sÉphao < Greek siphĻn siphon
\siren
n.
o  a device for making a loud wailing or warning¨
   sound.
o  (in Greek mythology) woman or winged creature¨
   whose singing lured unwary sailors on to rocks.
\sirrah
n. archaic a term of address used to inferiors or¨
   children to express impatience, contempt, etc.
¨
< 1520-30;  extended form of sir;  source of final¨
   vowel is unclear
\sissy
n. effeminate or cowardly person.
\Sisyphean
adj. fruitless;  endless.
\sith
adv., conj., prep. archaic since.

< bef. 950;  Middle English;  Old English siththa,¨
   dial. var. of siththan, orig. sÉth thĮm =¨
   literally "after that";  cf. since
\sit-up
pj. sed-leh.
\sitz bath
n. a chairlike bathtub.
\skeeter
n. informal mosquito.

< 1850-5;  by aphesis and resp., with dial.¨
   substitution of -er for final -o
\skein
n. loosely-coiled bundle of yarn or thread.
\skeletal
['skelet%l] adj. of or relating to a skeleton.
\skeleton
n. the hard framework of bones etc. of an animal.

skeletal adj.
\sketch
v. (often foll. by in, out) outline briefly.
\skew
v.
o  make skew.
o  distort.
\skid
v. (of vehicle etc.) slide on slippery ground, esp.¨
   sideways or obliquely.
\skiff
n. a small, flat-bottomed open boat.
\skillet
n.
o  small long-handled metal cooking-pot.
o  US frying-pan.

< French
\skinflint
n. miser.
\skipping-rope
n. length of rope turned over the head and under the¨
   feetwhile jumping it as a game or exercise.

pj. Óvihadlo.
\skirt
v. to avoid dealing with (an issue etc.).
\skittish
adj.
o  lively, playful.
o  (of a horse etc.) nervous, inclined to shy.

< perhaps related to "skit"
\skull and crossbones
n. pl. representation of a skull with two crossed¨
   thigh-bones as an emblem of piracy or death.
\skyrocket
['skai,rokit] n. another word for rocket.

v. informal to rise rapidly, as in price.
\slab
n. flat thick stone.
\slack
adj.
o  (of rope etc.) not taut.
o  inactive or sluggish.
o  negligent, remiss.
o  (of tide etc.) neither ebbing nor flowing.
\slag
refuse;  woman prostitute.
\slam
n. in certain card games, such as bridge, the winning¨
   of all the tricks or all but one during the play¨
   of one hand.
\slanging-match
prolonged exchange of insults.
\slapstick
n. boisterous comedy.
\slat
n. a flat narrow strip as of metal or wood.
\slate
n. chiefly U.S. and Canadian a list of candidates in¨
   an election.
\Slav
n. a Slavic Man.

< Latin sclĮvus slave
\sleek
adj. (of hair, skin, etc.) smooth and glossy.
\sleepwalk
v. to walk while asleep, cf. somnambulism.

sleepwalker n.
sleepwalking n. and adj.
\sleigh
[slei] n. sledge.
\sleight
n.
o  dexterity;  skill.
o  a trick;  stratagem.
\sleuth
n. informal detective.
\slight
adj. small, insignificant.

v. treat disrespectfully.
\sling
n. strap etc. for firing stones by hand.
\slink
v. (slink-slunk-slunk) (often foll. by off, away, by)¨
   move in a stealthy or guilty manner.

< Old English
\slither
v. slide unsteadily.
\sliver
n. long thin piece cut or split off.

v.
o  break off as a sliver.
o  break or form into slivers.

< Old English
\slobber
v. dribble.
\sloe
[sl%u] n.
o  blackthorn.
o  its small sour bluish-black fruit.

pj. trnka.

< Old English
\slop
n.
o  liquid spilled or splashed.
o  sloppy language.
o  (in pl.) dirty waste water or wine etc. from¨
   a kitchen, bedroom, or prison vessels.
o  (in sing. or pl.) unappetizing weak liquid food.
\slosh
splash or flounder.
\sloth
[slou0] n.
o  laziness, indolence.
o  slow-moving mammal of tropical America that hangs¨
   upside down in trees.

slothful adj.

< slow
\slough
slough1 n. swamp, miry place.

< Old English

slough2 n. part that an animal casts or moults, esp.¨
   a snake s cast skin.

v. (often foll. by off) cast or drop off as a slough.¨

< origin unknown
\slowpoke
['sloupouk] n. informal a person who moves, works¨
   etc., very slowly;  dawdler.

< 1915-1920
\sluice
[slu:s] n. sliding gate or other contrivance for¨
   regulating the volume or flow of water.
\slum
n.
o  a house unfit for human habitation.
o  (often in pl.) overcrowded and squalid district in¨
   a city.
\slump
n. a sudden severe or prolonged fall in prices and¨
   trade, usu. bringing widespread unemployment.
\slur
n. imputation of wrongdoing.
\slush fund
n.
o  a fund for financing political or commercial¨
   corruption
o  US nautical a fund accumulated from the sale of¨
   slush from the galley.
\slut
n. derog. slovenly or promiscuous woman.

sluttish adj.

< origin unknown
\sly
[slai] adj.
o  cunning, crafty, wily.
o  secretive.
o  knowing;  insinuating.

on the sly secretly.

slyly adv.  slyness n.

< Old Norse, cf. slay
\smack
v.
o  slap.
o  part (one's lips) noisily in anticipation of food.
\small capitalisation
n. (also small cap) capitalisation under 250 million¨
   CAD.
\smelt
v. extract metal from ore etc. by melting.
\smirk
n. conceited or silly smile.
\smite
v. (smite-smote-smitten)
\smithereens
n. pl. small fragments.

< dial. smithers + Irish -een
\smock
n. loose shirtlike garment often ornamented with¨
   smocking.
\smocking
n. ornamental effect on cloth made by gathering it¨
   tightly with stitches.
\smokestack
n.
o  chimney or funnel of a locomotive or steamer.
o  tall chimney.
\smother
v. suffocate, stifle.
\smoulder
v. burn slowly without flame or internally.
\smudge
v. to smear or blur.

n. blurred or smeared line, mark, blot etc.
\smug
adj. self-satisfied.
\smut
n.
o  a small dark smudge or stain, esp. one caused by¨
   soot.
o  a speck of soot or dirt.
o  something obscene or indecent.
\snag
n.
o  an unexpected obstacle or drawback.
o  jagged projection.
o  tear in material etc.

v. (-gg-) catch or tear on a snag.

< probably Scandinavian
\snap
v. to break suddenly with a sharp sound.
\snare
[sne%(r)] n. a trap, esp. one made of a noose.

< Old Norse
\sneak
v.
o  (foll. by in, out, past, away, etc.) go or convey¨
   furtively.
o  slang steal unobserved.
o  slang tell tales;  turn informer.
o  (as sneaking adj.)
a  furtive (sneaking affection).
b  persistent and puzzling (sneaking feeling).

n.
o  mean-spirited underhand person.
o  slang tell-tale;  informer.

adj. acting or done without warning;  secret.
¨
sneaky adj.

< origin uncertain
\snigger
n. half-suppressed lough.
\snippet
n. small piece cut off.
\snitch
v. slang
o  steal.
o  (often foll. by on) inform on a person.

n. informer.

< origin unknown
\snivel
v. weep with sniffling.
\snoop
colloq. v.
o  pry into another's affairs.
o  (often foll. by about, around) investigate¨
   transgressions of rules, the law, etc.

n. act of snooping.

snooper n.  snoopy adj.

< Dutch
\snooty
adj. snobbish or exclusive (a snooty club).
\snowdrift
pj. zĮvÅj.
\snowdrop
pj. snÅŚenka.
\snub
adj. short and blunt in shape.
\snub nose
n. short, turned-up nose.
\snuff
v.
o  to cut off the charred portion of (a candlewick).
o  to extinguish;  put out.
\snuggle
v. to nestle or cuddle.
\soapstone
n. steatite.

pj. mastek.
\sob
v. inhale convulsively, usually with weeping.
\sober
adj. not drunk;  serious.
\so-called
adj. commonly called, often incorrectly.
\socialite
n. a person moving in fashionable society.
\Socinian
adj. pertaining to Faustus or Laelius Socinus who¨
   rejected the divinity of Christ.
\sod
n. turf;  piece of turf.
\sodden
adj. saturated;  soaked through.
\soil
v. besmirch.
\soiled
adj. dirty.
\sojourn
n. temporary stay.

v. stay temporarily.

< French sojorner
\solace
n. comfort in sadness, disappointment.

< Latin solatium
\solfeggio
n. vocal exercise using the sol-fa syllables¨
   (do-re-mi-fa-so-la).
\solicitous
adj. anxious.
\solicitude
n. concern for a person or thing.
\solidus
n. oblique stroke (/).
\solitaire
n.
o  jewel set by itself.
o  a card game.
\sombre
['somb%(r)] adj. (US somber) dark, gloomy, dismal.

sombrely adv.  sombreness n.

< Latin sub ombra under shade
\somersault
n. leap or roll with the body turning through¨
   a circle.

pj. kotrmelec, pŅemet.

< French
\somniferous
adj.

pŅj. uspĮvacÉ, narkotickŁ.

< Latin
\somnolent
adj.
o  sleepy, drowsy.
o  inducing drowsiness.

somnolence n.

< Latin, cf. somnambulism
\sonata
n. composition for one or two instruments.
\sonny
n. familiar form of address to a young boy.
\sonorous
adj. having a loud, full or deep sound;  resonant.
\soot
n. black powdery deposit from smoke.

< Old English
\sooth
n. archaic truth.

< Old English
\soothsayer
n. seer, prophet.
\sooty
adj.
o  covered with soot.
o  black or brownish-black.
\soporific
adj. inducing sleep.
\sorcerer
n. magician, wizard.
\sordid
['so:did] adj.
o  dirty, squalid.
o  ignoble, mercenary.

sordidly adv.  sordidness n.

< Latin sordidus
\sorely
adv. extremely.
\sorites
n. form of argument that has several premisses that¨
   can be resolved into a chain of syllogisms which¨
   arrives at one conclusion.
\sorority
n. US female students' society in a university or¨
   college.

< Latin soror sister
\sot
n. habitual drunkard.

sottish adj.

< Old English
\sotto voce
adv. in an undertone.
\sou
[su:] n. former French coin of low value.
\sough
n. moan or whisper from the trees etc.
\soulful
adj. full of or expressing a deep feeling.

soulfulness n.
soulfully adv.
\soulless
adj. lacking sensitivity.
\sow
v. (sow-sowed-sowed or sow-sowed-sown)
\spade
n. rŁĆ.
\spaghetti
n. pasta in the form of long strings.
\spank
v.
o  slap, esp. on the buttocks as punishment.
o  (of a horse etc.) move briskly.

n. slap, esp. on the buttocks.

< imitative
\spar
spar1 n.
o  stout pole, esp. as a ship s mast etc.
o  main longitudinal beam of an aeroplane wing.

< Old Norse sperra or French esparre

spar2 v. (-rr-)
o  make the motions of boxing without heavy blows.
o  argue.

n.
o  sparring motion.
o  boxing-match.

< Old English

spar3 n. easily split crystalline mineral.

pj. Śivec.

< Low German
\sparrow
pj. vrabec.
\spate
[speit] n.
o  river-flood (river in spate).
o  unexpected occurrence of similar events (spate of¨
   car thefts).

< origin unknown
\spatial
adj.
\spawn
n.
o  the eggs of aquatic animals such as fishes,¨
   oysters, or frogs.
o  offspring, esp. when produced in large numbers.

v.
o  (of a fish, frog etc.) produce (eggs).
o  produce or generate in large numbers (esp. of¨
   fish).
o  to give rise to;  engender.

< Anglo-French
\spay
v. sterilise (a female animal) by removing the¨
   ovaries.

< Anglo-French ×p×e
\speaker
n. syn. spokesman.

rel. delegate, deputy, representative;  champion,¨
   protagonist;  prophet.
\specie
n. coin as opposed to paper money.
\species
n. (pl. same) class of things having some common¨
   characteristics.

< Latin specio look
\specious
adj. plausible but wrong (specious argument).

< Latin, cf. "species"
\speech act
n. what is being said, esp. in terms of content of¨
   the message, intention and effect produced on the¨
   listeners.
\spell
n.
o  short or fairly short period (a cold spell).
o  period of some activity or work.

< Old English, = substitute
\spell checker
poĆÉtaĆe oprava pŅeklepŹ, pŅeklepy (nĮstroj¨
   v editoru).
\spendthrift
n. an extravagant person.

adj. extravagant.
\spermatozoon
n. mature sex-cell in sperm.
\sphinx
n. (pl. -es or sphinges)
o  in Egyptian mythology, a figure having the body of¨
   a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk.
o  in Greek mythology, a winged monster with the head¨
   of a woman and the body of a lion that destroyed¨
   all who could not answer its riddle.
o  a mysterious or enigmatic person.
\spindle
n. slender bar, often tapered, used for twisting and¨
   winding thread.

< Old English, cf. "spin"
\spindly
adj. long or tall, thin, and often weak.
\spinning-wheel
pj. kolovrat.
\spin-off
n. incidental result or benefit, esp. from¨
   technology.
\spire
n. tapering structure, esp. on a church tower.

pj. jehlan;  ÓtÉhlĮ vÅŚ.
\spirit-lamp
n. a lamp burning methylated spirit etc. instead of¨
   oil.
\spit
spit1 v. (-tt-;  p. and pp. spat or spit)
o  (also absol.) eject (esp. saliva) from the mouth.
o  do this in contempt or anger.
o  utter vehemently.
o  (of a fire, gun, etc.) throw out with an¨
   explosion.
o  (of rain) fall lightly.
o  make a spitting noise.

n.
o  spittle.
o  act of spitting.

spit it out colloq. say it quickly and concisely.

< Old English

spit2
n.
o  rod for skewering meat for roasting on a fire etc.
o  point of land projecting into the sea.

v. (-tt-) pierce (as) with a spit.

< Old English
\spite
n. ill will, malice.
\spiteful
adj. malicious.

maliciously adv.
\spitfire
n. person of fiery temper.
\spittle
n. saliva.
\splay
v. spread apart.
\spleen
n.
o  abdominal organ regulating the quality of the¨
   blood.
o  moroseness, irritability (from the earlier belief¨
   that the spleen was the seat of such feelings).
¨
< Greek spl×n
\spleenful
adj.
o  full of or displaying spleen;  ill-humoured.
o  passionate, lustful.

spleenfully adv.

< 1580-90
\splendour
n. (US splendor) dazzling brightness;  magnificence.

< Latin splendeo shine
\spline
[splain] n.
o  a long, narrow, thin strip of wood, metal, etc.;¨
   slat.
o  a long, flexible strip of wood or the like, used¨
   in drawing curves.
o  any of a series of ridges on a shaft, parallel to¨
   its axis and fitting inside corresponding grooves¨
   in the hub of a gear, etc., to transmit torque.
o  a thin strip of material inserted into the edges¨
   of two boards, acoustic tiles, etc., to make¨
   a butt joint between them;  feather.

< 1750-60;  orig. East Anglian dial.;  perhaps akin¨
   to splint;  cf. Old English splin spindle
\splinter
n. small sharp fragment of wood, stone, glass, etc.

v. break into splinters;  shatter.

splintery adj.

< Dutch, cf. "splint"
\sponge
n.
o  sea animal with a porous body wall and a rigid¨
   internal skeleton.
o  this skeleton or a piece of porous rubber etc.¨
   used in bathing, cleaning, etc.
o  thing like a sponge in consistency etc., esp.¨
   a sponge cake.
o  act of sponging.

v.
o  wipe or cleanse with a sponge.
o  (often foll. by out, away, etc.) wipe off or¨
   efface (as) with a sponge.
o  (often foll. by up) absorb (as) with a sponge.
o  (often foll. by on, off) live as a parasite.¨

spongiform adj.

< Latin spongia
\spontoon
n. half-pike.
\spoof
n. parody;  swindle.
\spoon
n.
o  utensil with a bowl and a handle for lifting food¨
   to the mouth, stirring, etc.
o  spoonful, esp. of sugar.
o  spoon-shaped thing, esp. (in full spoon-bait)¨
   a revolving metal fish-lure.

v.
o  (often foll. by up, out) take (liquid etc.) with¨
   a spoon.
o  hit (a ball) feebly upwards.
o  colloq. kiss and cuddle.

spoonful n.

dessertspoon pj. kĮvovĮ lŚiĆka.

< Old English
\sprain
v. wrench an ankle painfully etc.
\sprawl
v.
o  sit, lie, or fall with limbs flung out untidily.
o  spread (one's limbs) thus.
o  (of writing, a plant, a town, etc.) be irregular¨
   or straggling.

n.
o  sprawling movement, position, or mass.
o  straggling urban expansion.

< Old English
\spray
n. a branch bearing buds, flowers, or berries.
\sprig
n. a small twig or shoot of a plant.
\springhead
n. fountainhead.

< 1545-55
\sprite
n. elf, fairy.

< sprit, contraction of spirit
\sprocket
n. each of several teeth on a wheel engaging with¨
   links of a chain.
\spur
n.
o  small spike or spiked wheel worn on a rider's heel¨
   for urging on a horse.
o  stimulus, incentive.
o  spur-shaped thing, esp.:
o    a pr